Old Soko mosque - Gračanica (BH_07)
Country or territory: Bosnia and Herzegovina
Name of organisation compiling the information: Commission to Preserve National Monuments
Contact name: Mirela Mulaluć Handan
Email address: mirela.m.handan@kons.gov.ba
Name and address of building(s) or site: Architectural ensemble of the Old Soko Mosque in Gračanica
Inventory reference number(s): 06-6-91/03-2
Building type(s): Architectural ensemble consists of mosque and graveyard – monumental ensemble. Religious - Mosque
Main date(s): Date of construction of the mediaeval building: the first half of the 15th century
Date of conversion of the mediaeval building into mosque: around 1520. (Mosque has been repaired several times)
Current use(s): Not in use
Significance
The date of origin of the Old Mosque and its use can be viewed in the context of the mediaeval fort of Soko.
The earliest reference to the Soko fort dates from 1429, when it was owned by Prince Radivoj, son of King Ostoja and brother of the Bosnian King Tomaš.
The Srebrenik banovina fell under Ottoman rule at the time of Sultan Selim II (1512-20), and it was probably in 1520 that Sokograd (Soko fort) was occupied.
The mediaeval building of the Old Soko Mosque was built in the first half of the 15th century and was intended to serve as the feudal lord's court. It may be assumed that it was used as a church by the Magyar garrison in Soko fort while the fort belonged to the Srebrenik banovina (1464-1520). It retained this purpose until the mediaeval town of Soko came under Ottoman rule. On coming under Ottoman rule the town of Soko remained the cultural, military and administrative seat of the nahija. The Ottomans used to build mosques for their garrisons in the fortified towns they had occupied, and it can safely be said that the Old Soko Mosque is the oldest mosque in this area. It is known as the Fethija by the local people, a name also given to the other mosques built immediately after the establishment of Ottoman rule (fath or conquest).
The mosque remained in use until 1980 when a new mosque was built in Soko.
General information
In June 1984 archaeological investigations were carried out on the Old Soko Mosque, including investigations within the building and works on the exterior walls, when much of the plaster was knocked off. No apse was found, which is significant since this is an essential feature of every church, nor were any architectural features ascertained that would suggest the building was originally built as a church. The investigations uncovered traces of fire and various repairs and reinforcements to the walls, indicating that the building underwent several fires (Veljko Milić, custodian and archaeologist: "Rezultati arheološkog istraživanja na lokalitetu Stare džamije u Sokolu"). The building was most likely originally built as a feudal manor. In mediaeval Bosnia such manors were known as courts, and were much larger than the houses of the rest of the population; they were built in urban settlements and their outskirts. Some of the feudals lived in courts located within fortified towns. The court would be stone-built with lime mortar. The interior of these mediaeval courts was probably of wood, which has rotted away with time.
The building of the Old Soko Mosque has a rectangular ground plan, measuring 12.66 x 7.60 m. The walls are of irregular quarry stone bonded with lime mortar, and are 38 cm thick. The facade was plastered. The entrance porch, of solid brick, 38 cm. thick, was added later. The roof structure was wooden. Traces of wooden tiebeams are to be seen on the building, along with elements of the original roof structure that no longer exists. The Old Mosque has a hipped roof with classic wooden roof structure overlaid with tiles. There are no interior partition walls and archaeological investigation found no evidence of there having been any. The windows and doors are semicircular vaulted and of finely dressed stone. The ground floor windows and door are made of much more finely dressed stone than the upper windows, and the stone used came from a quarry not far from the building itself.
There are visible traces of adaptation, particularly where the mihrab was built. Part of the central section of the south wall was pulled down to build the mihrab. On the north wall at the upper floor level, close to the west wall, a small door was pierced, reached by a wooden staircase. Along with these alterations, a wooden minaret was erected, which was pulled down in 1934 and replaced by a new stone minaret. To allow access to the minaret, the west wall was pierced and the small door at the level of the upper floor in the north wall was walled up, with a larger one pierced at ground floor level which became the main entrance door. The original door on the west was bricked up at the same time. On completion of these works the present day portico outside the entrance door on the north was added on.
Research and conservation and restoration works
In June 1984 archaeological investigations were carried out on the site of the Old Soko Mosque in Soko. The investigations were conducted by a four-member team of archaeologists from the Museum of Eastern Bosnia in Tuzla: Veljko Milić, Branko Belić, Aleksandra Popović and Savo Vojić. The investigations uncovered traces of burning and various repairs and reinforcements to the walls, which indicates that the building was renovated and repairs and additions carried out on several occasions.
Categories of Significance
- Of outstanding national importance.
Categories of ownership or interest
- Of national interest.
Documentation and bibliliographic references
Documentation
The following documentation is in possession of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments:
- Documentation on the location and current owner and user of the property (copy of cadastral plan and copy of land registry entry).
- Data on the previous and current condition and use of the property, including a description and photographs, data of war damage if any, data on restoration or other works on the property if any, etc.
- Historical, architectural and other documentary material on the property, as set out in the bibliography.
Bibliography
1. Documentation of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments.
2. Basler, Đuro. “Stari gradovi u Majevici i Trebovcu” (Old forts in Majevica and Trebovac), Articles and material for the cultural history of eastern Bosnia IX. Tuzla: Museum of Eastern Bosnia, 1972, 57-59.
3. Handžić, Adem. “Sokograd kod Gračanice” (Soko fort near Gračanica), Excerpt from research project on the Gračanica region in the Turkish era in the ownership of the Regional Collection in Gračanica, Gračanica Herald 11. Gračanica: Monos, 2001, 68.
4. Handžić, Adem. Tuzla i njena okolina u XVI vijeku (Tuzla and its environs in the 16th c.). Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1975.
5. Jalimam, Salih. “Srednjovjekovni grad Sokol” (prilozi za studiju) (The mediaeval fort of Soko – contribution for study), Gračanica Herald 11. Gračanica: Monos, 2001, 60-74.
6. Kreševljaković, Hamdija. Prilozi povijesti bosanskih gradova pod turskom upravom (Contributions to the history of Bosnian forts under Turkish rule), Contributions to oriental philology and the history of the southern Slav peoples under Turkish rule, no.II. Sarajevo: 1952.
7. Kreševljaković, Hamdija. “Stari bosanski gradovi” (Old Bosnian forts), Naše starine I. Sarajevo: Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of BiH, 1954, 22.
8. Museum of Eastern Bosnia Tuzla, “Rezultati arheološkog istraživanja na lokalitetu Stare džamije u Sokolu” (Findings of archaeological investigations on the site of the Old Mosque in Soko), Gračanica Gazette 11. Gračanica: Monos, 2001, 21-26.
9. Šaković, Edin. “Oblik i arhitektura starog grada Sokola” (Form and architecture of the old fort of Soko). Gračanica Herald 11. Gračanica: Monos, 2001, 69-74.
10. Vego, Marko. Naselja srednjovjekovne bosanske države (Settlements of the mediaeval Bosnian State). Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1957, 105.
Condition
1. Very poor
- Since 1980 the Old Mosque in Soko has no longer been used. The monument is in a ruinous state. The entrance portico has completely collapsed, the minaret has been pulled down and the stone used to build it is in the immediate vicinity. There are no surviving doors or windows, nor has the wooden interfloor structure survived; only traces are to be seen on the walls. The roof and walls are in very poor condition and in danger of collapsing.
Amount of war or associated damage
0. No damage
- The mosque suffered no damage as a result of war action.
Risk
The mosque is at risk of rapid deterioration due to:
- Abandonment of the countryside due to urbanization.
- Not in use and no responsibility for maintenance.
- Structural destabilization: structural failure – deformations, collapse and loss of material, detachment and cracking.
- Lack of finance for maintenance and repair.
Condition risk
B. Immediate risk of further rapid deterioration or loss of fabric, solution agreed but not begun.
Technical assessment and costing
Project of urgent protection measures from further deterioration needs to be done.
For the purpose of preserving and ensuring the conditions for the rehabilitation of the mosque, the following urgent measures are stipulated to prevent its further deterioration:
1. conservation of the walls
2. survey and structural analysis
3. repair and structural consolidation of walls and roof
4. protection of the mosque, in particular the walls, from the effects of the elements
The minaret and entrance portico of the mosque shall be reconstructed, in the original form, with the original dimensions, of the same or same type of materials, using the same technical procedures wherever possible, while ensuring that the historical stages are clearly distinguishable.
No building on the site of the monument is permitted, nor may any temporary or permanent structures be erected not intended solely for the protection and display of the monument.
The mosque harem should be landscaped.
In the area of the historic heart of the town of Soko and the old mosque and harem, forming a single ensemble, no new construction, erection of temporary buildings or other works that could have the effect of altering the area are permitted. All buildings of a temporary nature shall be removed from the area of the access road between the mediaeval fort of Soko and the mosque. Existing residential buildings may not be built onto to exceed a height of 6.5 m. to the roof cornice.
In the area that surrounds the historic heart of the town of Soko and the old mosque and harem, the restoration, reconstruction and adaptation of existing buildings is permitted on condition that they meet the conditions of a maximum of two storeys (ground floor and one upper floor) 6.5 m. in height to the roof cornice, maximum horizontal dimensions of 12 x 10 m, with pitched roofs of an angle no steeper than 30 degrees. Detailed regional plans and town planning and technical plans for the construction of new buildings must include approval from the heritage protection authority. The construction of industrial facilities, major infrastructure, and potential polluters as defined by regulations, is prohibited.
Costing proposals for projects and mentioned works have not been done.
Summary of stages, proposed in the Preliminary technical assessment, is as follows:
1. Urgent protection measures (temporary preventive roof cladding) 3.000 EUR
2. Preliminary and research works:
- Project of complete architectural survey 5.000 EUR
- Elaborate / Evaluation of static condition 2.000 EUR
- Inspect the foundations of the building and their carrying capacity4.000 EUR
3. Design of the detailed architectural, structural and conservation/restoration project 10.000 EUR
4. Consolidation, repair, conservation and restoration works 54.100 EUR
REMARK: Given that the works are of a conservation and restoration nature and that variations in quantities and unforeseen works may arise during the course of these works, a 10% contingency margin should be added to all the above figures 5.410 EUR 5. Restoration of interior of the mosque 12.800 EUR
6. Renovation of outdoor space and harem 10.000 EUR
TOTAL 106.310 EUR
Stages 1, 2 and 3 have been completed by 2010. As part of the “Transfer for Cultural Heritage,” the Government of the Federation Bosnia and Herzegovina allocated 18,000 Euro for drawing up a project for urgent protection measures. The technical survey and project were completed in 2007.
In 2008 funds were allocated from the budget of Federal Ministry of Culture and Sport, Tourist Association of Tuzla Canton and FBiH – € 53.000 (106.000 KM) and the Federal Ministry for Regional Planning provided € 44.000.
Conservation is under way in line with projects of the Federal Institute for the Protection of Monuments.
Ownership
- Religious denomination -Islamic Community of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Occupation
- No occupancy.
Management
The provisions relating to protection and rehabilitation measures set forth by the Law on the Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, established pursuant to Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina nos. 2/02 and 27/02) apply to the National Monument.
The Commission to Preserve National Monuments is a state-level institution of Bosnia and Herzegovina established pursuant to Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and by Decision of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and is responsible for adopting decisions designating movable and immovable properties as national monuments, applying the criteria for the designation of national monuments (Official Gazette of Bosnia and Herzegovina no. 33/02). The Commission’s decisions prescribe the basic provisions and protection measures pertaining to each national monument.
The Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is responsible for ensuring and providing the legal, scientific, technical, administrative and financial measures necessary to protect, conserve, display and rehabilitate the National Monument.
The Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is responsible for providing the resources for drawing up and implementing the necessary technical documentation for the rehabilitation of the National Monument.
The Ministry of Regional Planning of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is responsible for the implementation of legally-prescribed protection measures. It is responsible for issuing planning approvals and permits for all works and construction in the protected area on the basis of planning and technical documentation approved by an authorised professional institution.
The Institute for the Protection of the Monuments within the Federal Ministry of Culture and Sport is also involved in these activities by verifying whether the conditions set out in the technical documentation have been met. The Institute for the Protection of the Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage of the Federal Ministry of Culture and Sport is responsible for expert supervision, as prescribed by the Decision of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, and for the implementation of projects or parts thereof financed by the Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Decisions designating national monuments are forwarded to the authorities responsible for town planning and cadastral affairs in order to implement the measures prescribed by these decisions, and to the competent municipal court for entry in the Land Register.
Gradačac Municipality is responsible, through its various departments and the buildings and planning inspectorate of the Federal Inspectorate Authority, for overseeing and controlling on-site activities.
The Municipality is required to append all its plans and documents pertaining to the protected area of the national monuments to the decisions issued by the Commission to Preserve National Monuments. The Municipality is required to refrain from all activities detrimental to the national monuments, and to co-operate with the Commission to Preserve National Monuments and the Entity institutions in the process of implementing the Commission’s decisions.
The Islamic community, as owner, is responsible for the maintenance of the building and is required to refrain from all activities detrimental to the national monument, and to co-operate with the Commission to Preserve National Monuments and the Entity institutions in the process of implementing the Commission’s decisions.
Pursuant to the Decision of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Commission to Preserve National Monuments is authorised to perform activities of international co-operation in the field of heritage. The Commission is responsible for the implementation of the project in accordance with the Rules for the implementation of donor funds earmarked for the renovation or protection of the endangered cultural and historical heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Summary
The National Monument of the architectural ensemble of the Old Soko Mosque in Soko, Gracanica, is a monument of outstanding national value. As well as being the oldest mosque in the area, it is also a building that dates back to the first half of 15th century, when it was built as a mediaeval feudal manor.
After the Sokograd (Soko fort) and wider area came under Ottoman rule, probably in 1520, the Ottomans used this building and converted it into a mosque. The mosque remained in use until 1980 when a new mosque was built in Soko.
In addition to preserving a monument of national importance, the main aim of this project is to encourage the sustainable development of the region through the development of cultural tourism and the return of refugees and displaced persons to the homes they occupied before the 1992-95 war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It will also stimulate the preservation and restoration of all other cultural and historic monuments in the area and become part of viable development programmes and strategies for the whole region.
The priority level of intervention is HIGH.
NOTE:
Condition
1. Very poor
Risk status
B. Immediate risk of further rapid deterioration or loss of fabric, solution agreed but not begun.
Sign. and date
Alisa Marjanović, architect
Mirela Mulaluć Handan, architect
2010
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