Prioritized Intervention List:
Ÿ Country:
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Ÿ Name of organization compiling the information:
Commission to Preserve National Monuments
Ÿ Contact name:
Mirela Mulaluć Handan
Ÿ email address:
mirela@aneks8ko.com.ba
 The monument, sites or ensemble
Ÿ Name and address of building(s) or site:
Historical building Orthodox Church of St Nicholas in Trijebanj near Stolac,
Ÿ Inventory reference number(s):
08.2-6-38/03-4; 08.2-6-38/03-7
Ÿ Building type(s):
Religious - Orthodox Church
Ÿ Main date(s):
Date of construction: 1534.
(Church has been repaired several times)
Ÿ Current use(s):
Currently not in a use
Significance:
The church was erected in 1534 as an endowment of Duke Radoje Hrabren, a member of the Miloradović – Hrabren family, known in the region from the fifteenth century.
It is known that the church “ceased chanting” in 1815. The Mostar merchant Samit Gavrilović rebuilt it in the mid nineteenth century.
St. Nicholas Church was a single-nave barrel-vaulted building with an elogated rectangular ground plan. The apse was at the east end and was of semicircular plan both internally and externally. The rectangular niches of the diaconicon and proscomidia were built into the lateral walls of the altar area. Rectangular choirs were built on the side walls, nearer to the east than the west end, over which there were laterally-placed barrel vaults. The line connecting the east ends of the two symmetrical choirs marked the limit of the altar space, the floor of which was raised by one step by comparison with the floor of the nave. The doors and windows were logically placed, with the entrance in the middle of the west wall and the rectangular, very narrow windows in the axes of the apse and choirs. The west wall also had a rosette window of very simple shape and coarse construction.
The church was built of large square stone blocks laid in horizontal rows. Stećci (the massive mediaeval Bosnian tombstones) were built into the foundations here and there. The gabled roof was covered with stone slabs.
The interior of the church was frescoed to the order of Duke Radoja Hrabren by an unknown artist. There are two different views of the origins of the wall paintings in the church of St Nicholas in Trijebanj. Z. Kajmaković is of the view that the frescoes were painted after the church was built, in the 1530s (Z. Kajmaković, 1971, p 158), while S. Petković attributes them to the 1560s or 1570s (S. Petković, 1964, pp. 549 to 550)
The artist who painted the Trijebnje frescoes was a good artist. The quality of his work is all the more significant if we accept the earlier dating of the 1530s, at a time of the more favorable climate that began with the restoration of the Patriarchal residence in the town of Peć in 1557, when such skilled painters were very rare.
Most of figures painted by the artist in the Trijebanj church are in the high art style that was still fostered by the few artists of the late sixteenth century. The basic stylistic features of this artist were the under-painting of flesh tones with dark olive-green or maroon tones, over which the artist laid a light maroon tone, adding crimson on some parts of the face – the top of the nose, cheeks and double chin with red.
Studying his frescoes, one gains an impression of harmony and seriousness (Z. Kajmaković, 1978, pp 41-42).
The entire church was frescoed, but the frescoes in the choirs have not survived (except the plinth of the southern choir). The frescoes were damaged by the plaster crumbling and by saltpeter, and were retouched on a number of occasions. The retouches of 1701 and 1857 were carried out in a very primitive way. In the 1930s the painter Branko Šotra tried to repair the frescoes using tempera, but without success.
The church contained several nineteenth century icons, some of the very valuable; Mother of God with Christ, a valuable piece of work of a Cretan icon painter from the late sixteenth or early seventeenth century and icon of the Deisis with saints, bought in Venice in 1750 by the monk Hristiphor of Žitomislići for 4 gold coins.
A bell tower with an open porch at ground level stands in front of the church. The bell tower was constructed in 1857 during the restoration of the church. This church, although of simple architectural concept, perpetuates the concepts of mediaeval architecture, which renewed the Rasha (Old Serbia) tradition. The St. Nicholas church in Trijebanj is similar to those in Goražde, Smokovac and Šćepan Polje.
Research and Conservation and Restoration Works
Conservation works in St. Nicholas church in Trijebanj were completed in 1967. On that occasion, the conservationists removed three layers of retouches from original frescoes (Z. Kajmaković, 1971, p. 162).
Categories of Significance:
Of outstanding national importance
Categories of ownership or interest:
Of national interest
Documentation and bibliographic references:
Documentation:
The following documentation is in possession of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments
Ÿ Documentation on the location and current owner and user of the property (copy of cadastral plan and copy of land registry entry),
Ÿ Data on the previous and current condition and use of the property, including a description and photographs, data of war damage if any, data on restoration or other works on the property if any, etc.
Ÿ Historical, architectural and other documentary material on the property, as set out in the bibliography.
Bibliography:
- Documentation of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments
- Š. Bešlagić, Stećci-kataloško-topografski pregled (Old Bosnian Tombstones (stećak) – Catalog and Topographic Overview). Sarajevo, 1971
- V. Ćorović, Hercegovački manastiri (Monasteries of Herzegovina), series II, p. 8, 21 and 30
- Z. Kajmaković, Trijebanjske freske (The Trijebanj Frescoes), Slovo gorčina, Stolac, 1978, 39-42,
- Z. Kajmaković, Zidno slikarstvo u Bosni i Hercegovini (Wall Painting in BiH), Sarajevo, 1971
- Lj. Kojić, Manastir Žitomislići (Žitomislići Monastery), Sarajevo, 1983.
- S. Petković, Tragom jedne slikarske grupe iz druge polovine 16. stoleća (In quest of a group of artists from the second half of the 16th Century), Collection of Faculty of Philosophy, vol. VIII, Commemorative Volume of Mihajlo Dimić 2, Belgrade, 1964, 541-571.
- Lj. Stojanović, Stari srpski zapisi i natpisi (Old Serbian Texts and Inscriptions), SANU Matica Srpska, Belgrade, 1982.
- M. Šuput: Srpska arhitektura u doba turske vlasti (Serbian Architecture in the Turkish Era), Belgrade, 1984.
- M. Vego: Novi i revidirani natpisi iz Hercegovine (New and Revised Inscriptions in Herzegovina). GZM (A), vol. XVII, 1962, 191-243.
- M. Vego, Zbornik srednjovjekovnih natpisa Bosne i Hercegovine (Collection of Mediaeval Inscriptions in Bosnia and Herzegovina), II, Sarajevo, 1964.
- M. Vego, Kultni karakter nekropole Radimlje kod Stoca (The Cult Nature of Radimlje Necropolis near Stolac). In: Papaers from the Symposium “Mediaeval Bosnia and European Culture”, (Works III), Zenica, 1973, 307-335.
Condition:
1. Very bad
Amount of war or associated damage:
5. Destroyed (but may be a candidate for reconstruction)
St. Nicholas church has been completely destroyed since 1993. The building was dynamited at the end of 1996 or the beginning of 1997. Most of the fragments are still lying on the site. All the ancillary elements of the ensemble have been demolished.
Of the church itself, the bell tower with porches and part of the west wall to roof level, and a small part of the north choir have survived in part. Given the large quantity of material in the centre of the church it is impossible to determine the degree of damage to other parts of the building: the south choir is almost completely buried under fragments of the walls and roof structure.
Fragments of the frescoed-painted mortar on the north choir wall, and to a lesser extent on the south and west choir walls, have survived in the interior. It is very likely that smaller fragments of the painted plaster can be found on stones that have fallen on the nave and choir in the church.
The condition of the remaining fresco-painted plaster will be determined after a detailed reconstruction of all the fallen parts of the building.
Risk:
Ÿ There is a risk of further deterioration due to the insufficiency of means to execute the project of rehabilitation.
Condition risk:
B. Immediate risk of further rapid deterioration or loss of fabric, solution agreed but not begun
Conservation and restoration works must be carried out as soon as possible to save at least some parts of this important sixteenth century wall painting. Without this, it is to be expected that even the small sections of the frescoes on the surviving will deteriorate beyond repair, especially those parts that may survive on stones that were brought down when the church was dynamited.
Technical assessment and costing:
Project for pre-works for the rehabilitation – project of clearance, protection and conservation, and project for the rehabilitation needs to be done.
On the National monument following works shall be done:
Ÿ the construction of residential, commercial or agricultural buildings or facilities is prohibited, other than the reconstruction of existing damaged or destroyed buildings,
Ÿ no works of any kind shall be carried out on the buildings forming the architectural ensemble other than works of conservation or restoration to a design project approved by the relevant Federal ministry and under the professional supervision of the heritage protection authority of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Ÿ the dumping of waste of any kind is prohibited
Ÿ no infrastructural works shall be carried out other than in exceptional cases with the approval of the relevant Federal ministry and under the professional supervision of the heritage protection authority of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Ÿ the construction of roads infrastructure or power facilities, stone quarrying or treatment facilities or other polluters the construction or operation of which could be detrimental to the National Monument - Historical building Greek Orthodox Church of St Nicholas in Trijebanj.
In the surrounding area of the National monument the following protection measures shall apply:
Ÿ the construction is permitted only of housing units with a maximum height of 6.5 meters to the base of the roof structure, of a maximum of two storeys (ground floor and one upper floor) and maximum dimensions of 10 x 12 meters,
Ÿ the exploitation of stone and other natural resources is prohibited,
Ÿ waste disposal of all kinds is prohibited,
Ÿ all construction other than the erection of temporary agricultural buildings is prohibited,
Ÿ traffic of heavy lorries and construction machinery is prohibited.
The Government of the Federation of BiH is responsible in particular for implementing the following measures:
Ÿ drawing up a programme for the clearance of St Nicholas church, to include the following procedures and measures:
Ÿ conducting a survey of the site, to include identifying fragments from the church and classifying them
Ÿ the temporary removal of undamaged painted layers from the walls and fallen sections and transferring them to safe keeping until they can be reintegrated into the building
Ÿ the protection of intact sections of the walls, foundations and floor
Ÿ comprehensive research works including testing the stability and structure of the existing walls and foundations of the building, examining the load-bearing capacity of the ground, the petrographic and chemical features of the stone and other building materials (mortar), and collecting data and information in order to draw up a rehabilitation design project.
Preliminary works must be performed according to the following conditions:
Ÿ all preliminary works for the rehabilitation shall be under the control of the heritage protection authority of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Ÿ all works must be carried out according to the terms of the clearance programme and under the constant supervision of experts from the heritage protection authority of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Ÿ the existing intact foundations, walls, floors and parts thereof are to be preserved and protected against damage, photographed, examined and conserved so that they may be reinstalled in the building as part of the rehabilitation project,
Ÿ no remains of the church of St Nicholas may be damaged or removed from the church,
Ÿ if it is determined that certain particularly valuable fragments require conservation or restoration works outside the church, they shall be documented photographically and numbered, and the owner of the property shall be notified of their temporary removal,
Ÿ the entire site shall be cleared of self-sown weeds.
Rehabilitation project must include the following provisions:
Ÿ the church and its surroundings shall be reconstructed in its original form, with identical horizontal and vertical dimensions,
Ÿ all original fragments of the building that are found whether on the site or in some other place to which they were transported after the demolition of the building, must be reintegrated into the building by the method of anastylosis, with the use of traditional building materials and binders (mortar) and construction techniques. Until such time as they are so reintegrated they shall be appropriately safeguarded,
Ÿ any fragments that are too badly damaged to be reintegrated shall be appropriately conserved and displayed within the ensemble following laboratory examination,
Ÿ all usable material is to be built into the rebuilt church,
Ÿ missing elements for which documentation on their original condition exists shall be made on the basis of the said documentation from the materials that are the same or similar to the original materials and using the method of repristination,
Ÿ the entire ensemble of the church of St Nicholas, including the entrance area and the surrounding wall, shall be reconstructed on the basis of data on its original appearance
Ÿ all tombstones shall be conserved.
Costing proposals for projects and rehabilitation works have not been done.
Ownership:
Religious denomination - Serb Orthodox Church
Occupation:
No occupancy (destroyed)
Management:
The provisions relating to protection and rehabilitation measures set forth by the Law on the Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, established pursuant to Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of the Federation of BiH nos. 2/02 and 27/02) shall apply to the National Monument specified in the preceding paragraph.
The Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina shall be responsible for ensuring and providing the legal, scientific, technical, administrative and financial measures necessary to protect, conserve, display and rehabilitate the National Monument specified in Clause I of this Decision.
The Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina shall be responsible for providing the resources for drawing up a plan for the rehabilitation of the architectural ensemble of St. Nicholas Church in Trijebanj.
Summary:
The church of St Nicholas perpetuates late mediaeval architectural concepts in which the Raška tradition was revived in reduced form. It was a single nave building with an elongated rectangular ground plan, semicircular apse and choirs to the north and south.
The frescoes in St. Nicholas church in Trijebanj were painted to the order of Duke Radoje Hrabren and were amongst the oldest in Herzegovina, dating from between the 1530s and 1570s, the work of one of the best craftsmen of the time, together with assistants from his group of artists. The work of the Trijebanj painter and his associates was to have a major influence on the art of painting of representative character which in its style and iconography relied heavily on the Byzantium tradition of the fourteenth century – the works of significant Serbian painters Longin and Georgije Mitrofanovic. However, the Trijebanj frescoes were also to influence the specific and consistent trend in the Serbian painting, which was more rustic in style and in terms of theological interpretation and iconography, whose main representative was priest Strahinja from Budimlje.
It is still possible to see small painted fragments on the north and south walls of the choir, and on the west wall of the ruins of the church.
The Regional Plan of Bosnia and Herzegovina to 2000 registered the church of St Nicholas in Trijebanj as a category 1 monument – of national importance.
Applying the Criteria for the adoption of a decision on proclaiming an item of property a national monument, this national monument reaches the following criteria (criteria of significance):
A. Time frame
B. Historical value
C. Artistic and aesthetic value
C.i. quality of workmanship
C.ii quality of material
C.iv composition
C.v value of a detail
D. Clarity (documentary, scientific and educational value)
D.i. Material evidence about less known historic era
D.ii. Evidence of historic changes
D.iv. Evidence of a certain type, style or regional manner
D.v. Evidence of a typical lifestyle in a given period
E. Symbolic Value
E.i. Ontological value
E.ii. Sacral value
E.iii. Traditional value
E.iv. Relation to rituals or traditions
E.v. Significance for the identity of a group of people
F. Townscape/Landscape Value
F.i. Relation of the form to other parts of the ensemble
F.ii. Meaning in the townscape
F.iii. The building or group of buildings is part of an ensemble or site
G. Authenticity
G.i. Form and design
G.ii. Materials and content
G.iv. Traditions and techniques
G.v. Location and setting
G.vi. Spirit and feeling
The priority level of intervention is HIGH.
NOTE:
Condition
1. Destroyed
Condition risk
B. Immediate risk of further rapid deterioration or loss of fabric, solution agreed but not begun
Criteria employed for the Priority Intervention List:
Ÿ The monuments are designated as national monuments,
Ÿ They represents rear or unique example of the typology or chronological - stylistic corpus,
Ÿ They are damaged/destroyed during the 1992-1995 war in BiH or they are endangered by the post war conditions (illegal constructions, lack of funding for restoration and maintenance, inexpert reconstruction,…) and are imposed to further deterioration,
Ÿ Their restoration will encourage return process in BiH,
Ÿ Their restoration will support development of the region.
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