Status of monument -> National monument
Published in the Official Gazette of BiH, no. 53/11.
Pursuant to Article V para. 4 Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Article 39 para. 1 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, at a session held on 26 October 2010 the Commission adopted a
D E C I S I O N
I
The historic site of the Bijača necropolis with stećak tombstones, Municipality Ljubuški, is hereby designated as a National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: the National Monument).
The National Monument consists of the necropolis with 33 graves with stećak tombstones.
The National Monument is located on a site designated as cadastral plot nos. 395 and 396 (new survey), title deed no. 92/2, corresponding to c.p. no. 501/28 (old survey), Land Register entry no. 118, cadastral municipality Bijača, Municipality Ljubuški, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The provisions relating to protection measures set forth by the Law on the Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, established pursuant to Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of the Federation of BiH nos. 2/02, 27/02, 6/04 and 51/07) shall apply to the National Monument.
II
The Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: the Government of the Federation) shall be responsible for providing the legal, scientific, technical, administrative and financial measures necessary for the protection, conservation and presentation of the National Monument.
The Commission to Preserve National Monuments (hereinafter: the Commission) shall determine the technical requirements and secure the funds for preparing and setting up signboards with basic details of the monument and the Decision to proclaim the property a National Monument.
III
To ensure the on-going protection of the National Monument on the area defined in Clause 1 para. 3 of this Decision, the following protection measures are hereby stipulated:
- all works are prohibited other than research and conservation-restoration works, including those designed to display the monument, with the approval of the Federal Ministry responsible for regional planning (hereinafter: the relevant ministry) and under the expert supervision of the heritage protection authority of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: the heritage protection authority);
- refurbishing the necropolis, including the removal of self-sown vegetation, clearing lichen and moss from the tombstones, and repairing damage, is permitting subject to a repair, restoration and conservation project, the approval of the relevant ministry, and supervision by the heritage protection authority;
- the area is an archaeological site, for which reason investigative works shall be carried out only in the presence of an archaeologist;
- the dumping of waste is prohibited.
The Government of the Federation shall be responsible for implementing the following measures:
- conducting a geodetic survey of the site;
- drawing up a plan for the repair, restoration and conservation of the site;
- drawing up a management plan for the site.
Phase I of the detailed management plan shall consist of drawing up a project for clearing the necropolis, with urgent protection measures, to include clearing and refurbishing the necropolis with a view to determining the exact number, size and location of the stećak tombstones and identifying any decorations on them, and replacing over the grave the stećak illicitly moved to the Humac Franciscan monastery.
IV
All movable artefacts found during the course of the archaeological survey shall be deposited in the nearest museum able to provide the necessary personnel, material and technical conditions or in the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo, processed, and suitably presented.
All movable and immovable archaeological material found during the course of the archaeological investigations shall be professionally processed.
Upon completion of the archaeological works the archaeologist leading the investigations shall submit a report to the Commission and to the institution that conducted the investigations.
The archaeologist leading the investigations must have access to all the movable and immovable archaeological material found during the course of the investigations and until his/her report is completed, for a period not exceeding three years.
All immovable finds shall be conserved in situ as the archaeological investigations proceed, and the movable archaeological material shall be conserved and placed for safe keeping in a suitable storage facility.
Upon receipt of a report on the investigations conducted, the Commission shall identify which movable artefacts shall be subject to protection measures to be determined by the Commission.
The removal of the movable artefacts referred to in para. 1 above from Bosnia and Herzegovina is prohibited.
By way of exception to the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Clause, if the leader of the investigations determines that a given artefact must be processed abroad, and provides evidence to that effect to the Commission, the Commission may permit the temporary removal of the artefact from the country subject to detailed conditions for its export, treatment while out of the country and return to Bosnia and Herzegovina.
In granting permission for the temporary removal of the movable heritage, the Commission shall stipulate all the conditions under which the removal from Bosnia and Herzegovina may take place, the date by which the items shall be returned to the country, and the responsibility of individual authorities and institutions for ensuring that these conditions are met, and shall notify the Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the relevant security service, the customs authority of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the general public accordingly.
V
All executive and area development planning acts are hereby revoked to the extent that they are not in accordance with the provisions of this Decision.
VI
Everyone, and in particular the competent authorities of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Canton, and urban and municipal authorities, shall refrain from any action that might damage the National Monument or jeopardize the preservation thereof.
VII
The Government of the Federation, the relevant ministry, the heritage protection authority, and the Municipal Authorities in charge of urban planning and land registry affairs, shall be notified of this Decision in order to carry out the measures stipulated in Articles II to VI of this Decision, and the Authorized Municipal Court shall be notified for the purposes of registration in the Land Register.
VIII
The elucidation and accompanying documentation form an integral part of this Decision, which may be viewed by interested parties on the premises or by accessing the website of the Commission (http://www.kons.gov.ba)
IX
Pursuant to Art. V para 4 Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, decisions of the Commission are final.
X
This Decision shall enter into force on the day following its publication in the Official Gazette of BiH.
This Decision has been adopted by the following members of the Commission: Zeynep Ahunbay, Martin Cherry, Amra Hadžimuhamedović, Dubravko Lovrenović, and Ljiljana Ševo.
No. 05.1-02.3-71/10-40
26 October 2010
Sarajevo
Chair of the Commission
Dubravko Lovrenović
E l u c i d a t i o n
I – INTRODUCTION
Pursuant to Article 2, paragraph 1 of the Law on the Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, established pursuant to Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a “National Monument” is an item of public property proclaimed by the Commission to Preserve National Monuments to be a National Monument pursuant to Articles V and VI of Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and property entered on the Provisional List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of BiH no. 33/02) until the Commission reaches a final decision on its status, as to which there is no time limit and regardless of whether a petition for the property in question has been submitted or not.
On 15 June 2010 the Ljubuški branch of Matica Hrvatska submitted a proposal/petition to designate the necropolis of stećak tombstones at Dilić, Bijača, Municipality Ljubuški, as a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Pursuant to the provisions of the law, the Commission proceeded to carry out the procedure for reaching a final decision to designate the Property as a National Monument, pursuant to Article V para. 4 of Annex 8 and Article 35 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments.
Statement of significance
The necropolis, with 33 stećak tombstones, is at Bijača in the Mekota enclosure by the Ljubuški to Vid road, very close to the village of Donja Bijača. The tombstones are of good workmanship and in a good state of preservation, lying north-west/south-east. The most common decorations are scrolling vines with trefoils, closely followed by crosses and shields with swords, with other decorations consisting of bands, arcades, and human figures singly or in round-dance and hunting scenes. The necropolis is of outstanding artistic value. The tombstones are ascribed to members of the princes of Rupčići. The necropolis is at risk on account of the proximity of the road.
II – PRELIMINARY PROCEDURE
In the procedure preceding the adoption of a final decision to proclaim the property a national monument, the following documentation was inspected:
- Details of the location and of the current owner and user of the property (copy of cadastral plan and Land Register entry), according to the cadastral records the plots where the stećak tombstones are located are the property of Galić Jure Andrija, Galić Jure Jozo, Paponja Ilija Jure and Paponja Ilija Gojana.
- Data on the current condition and use of the property, including a description and photographs, data of war damage, data on restoration or other works on the property, etc.
- Historical, architectural and other documentary material on the property, as set out in the bibliography forming part of this Decision.
- Letter ref. 05.1-35.2-10/10-95 of 29 June 1020 requesting documentation and views on the designation of the necropolis with stećak tombstones at Dilić, Bijača, Municipality Ljubuški, as a national monument of BiH.
- Letter ref. 07-40-4-275-1/10 of 7 July 2010 from the Institute for the Protection of Monuments of the Federal Ministry of Culture and Sport supplying the requested information on the necropolis with stećak tombstones listed under the Donja Bijača, Municipality Ljubuški. The property was not protected by the Institute for the Protection of the Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage of BiH.
- Letter ref. 04/1-31-994/10 of 8 July 2010 from the Department of Spatial Planning and Proprietary Rights Affairs, Ljubuški Municipality, supplying copies of the title deed, Land Register entry, cadastral plan, brochure with the general features of the stećak tombstones at Dilić (Bijača)
The findings based on the review of the above documentation and the condition of the property are as follows:
1. Details of the property
Location
The necropolis with stećak tombstones at is Bijača in the Mekota enclosure is by the Ljubuški to Vid road, very close to the village of Donja Bijača, 7 km as the crow flies to the south of Ljubuški.
The National Monument is located on a site designated as cadastral plot nos. 395 and 396 (new survey), title deed no. 92/2, corresponding to c.p. no. 501/28 (old survey), Land Register entry no. 118, cadastral municipality Bijača, Municipality Ljubuški, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Historical information
In the 10th century the settlements around present-day Ljubuški belonged to Paganija(1) (the Neretva Krajina or frontier region). In the same century, Zahumlje (Hum) extended from Dubrovnik to the Neretva; somewhat later, its borders shifted beyond this, to the right bank of the Neretva and all the way to the River Cetina.
According to Grgur Barski (Sclavorum Regnum) the župa (county) of Velika (Veljci) covered the Ljubuški area – the villages of Grab, Orahovlje, Grabovnik, Veljci, Klobuk, Vitina and Ljubuški itself, and the whole area eastwards towards Studenci(2), where it marched with the county of Luka, somewhere on the boundary between Studenci and the village of Trebižat. Towards the county of Luka, it included the present-day villages of Stubica, Zviriće and Bijača, marching with Luka county somewhere between Bijača and the village of Pruda, which was in Luka. On the right bank of the Trebižat, it included the present-day villages of Vašaroviči, Crveni Grm and Hardomilje, the Jezerac area, the present-day Rastovac polje with Orah, and the neighbouring villages on the Dalmatian side. The centre of the county was in the village of Grab, which remained the county town until the mid 12th century at the latest(3).
Ljubuški town and fort were in the county of Velika (Veljci). It features in mediaeval records as Lubussa, Lubischi, Liubischi and Lublano.
In the latter half of the 12th century, the Emperor Manuel Comnenus bestowed Zahumlje on Prince Miroslav Nemanjić, who ruled it until 1199, when it belonged to the Ljubuški valley. Following the death of Prince Miroslav, his sons Petar and Andrija divided their father’s lands into two; Prince Andrija took Popovo and the area from the Neretva to Nevesinje, and Prince Petar the area from the Neretva to the Cetina. Andrija took power in Zahumlje, and developed trade and cultural links with the cities of Dalmatia.
After 1250, Andrija’s sons Bogdan and Radoslav became vassals of the king of Hungary.
In the early 14th century, western Zahumlje was ruled by Prince Konstantin, governor in Brotnje for the Nemanjić dynasty. For a while Zahumlje, or part of it at least, was ruled by the Šubići, particularly the Ljubuški valley (early 14th century).
In the early 1320s a struggle to gain the throne was being waged in Serbia, while in Croatia and Bosnia there were clashes between Hungarian magnates and the Šubići. When Ban Mladen II Šubić was toppled from power in 1322, Bosnia’s Ban Stjepan II Kotromanić merged Hum with Bosnia, extending his rule over the area from the Cetina to the Neretva and the coastal regions, right to the very ramparts of the city of Dubrovnik(4).
In 1357 the western regions of Hum belonged to the Hungarian crown as the dowry of Ludvig’s wife Jelisaveta Kotromanić(5). Western Hum remained under Hungarian rule until 1382.
In 1359 Bosnia’s King Stjepan Dabiša and his wife Jelena bestowed the village of Veljake near Ljubuški to their daughter Stana, wife of Prince Juraj Radivojević, who had remained loyal to Bosnia’s King Ostoja in his struggle against the Hungarians and Dubrovnik as well as his opponents at home(6).
A charter issued by Jurje Vojsalić dated 12 August 1434 to the Jurjević landed family names knez Vuk Rupčić and knez Pavao Komlinović as witnesses. The Komlinović aristocratic family from Brotnje is relatively well known to history, particularly on account of their necropolis of stećak tombstones with epitaphs at Bakri(7). Vuk Rupčić is less well known, and not much is known of his origins, but this charter reveals that he bore the title of knez of Hum. A manuscript entitled Nomina nobilum regni Bosanae familiarum, ordine alfabeti desumpta ex Ms, published by E. Fermedžin, includes a mention of the Rupčić family. The record reveals that the family was from Herzegovina, from “de loc Ruchich,” the location of which is unclear, near the forest or mountain known as Crni Vrh (“Black Peak”) in Herzegovina. This Rupčić was probably from Crni Vrh on the right bank of the Neretva, near Čapljina(8). The arms of the Rupčić family features in several Rolls of Arms, such as the Korjenić-Neorić and Saraka Rolls of Arms. In the 18th century, there is reference to members of the family in Lovreć(9).
In 1444 Gojislav Orlović, known as Petanović, bequeathed part of the money for the church in Ljubuški (22 February 1444.), and Radojko Dobrovoević gave 6 perpers to the church in Ljubuški for a St George’s Day mass(10).
A charter of King Alfonso V of Aragon and Naples of 1 May 1454 refers to Lubuški between the towns of Vratar in Luka and Vrgorca in Gorska, which agrees with the geographical location of these towns(11).
Ljubuški became part of the Ottoman Empire for the first time in 1463, bu the Ottomans held it for a mere month (June-July), when they were forced to withdraw for lack of supplies, and knez Vlatko Hercegović, son of herceg Stjepan Vukčić-Kosača, quickly regained control of the fort, as we learn from the records of the Dubrovnik Senate for 18 July 1463.
2. Description of the property
There are seven necropolises in the Ljubuški area with a total of 214 stećci (plural of stećak), of which 88 are slab-shaped, 78 are chest-shaped, one is a chest on a plinth, nine are sarcophagi and 48 are slabs or chests not described separately. Of the 176 tombstones that are described, half are slabs and half chest; sarcophagi are rare, but the artistic quality of their decorations is greater than the others. Eighty-one of the 176 tombstones are decorated, 33 with a cross; those in Gornji Studenci are particularly notable(12). The other decorative motifs on the stećci in the Ljubuški region are a shield and sword, an “oyster-shell” cavity, human figures with anthropomorphic decoration, rope twist and bands, a crescent moon, rosettes, trefoil tendrils, spirals, hunting scenes, falconry scenes and a jousting scene(13).
There were several active stonemasons’ yards in the area, reflecting a variety of different influences. The workshop of the masons responsible for the tombstones in the necropolis at Gornji Studenci was different from those who worked on the Gračine necropolis in Bijača, Zvirići and Pržine. Most of the tombstones date from the 14th and 15th centuries, but some could be much earlier, perhaps even from the 12th century(14).
Description of the stećci
Stećak no. 1, chest, measuring 170x75x67 cm, covered by the metalling of the road, decorated on one end with a rope twist and scrolling vine with trefoils.
Stećak no. 2, chest, measuring 179x90x40 cm, top decorated with a rope twist.
Stećak no. 3, chest, measuring 180x90x40 cm, overgrown with grass.
Stećak no. 4, chest, measuring165x82x48 cm, decoration: top decorated with a shield and sword on which there was an arm to the shoulder, the fingers of which could formerly be seen (now quite badly damaged); at either end of the top is a trefoil tendril. One side bears a hunting and round-dance scene(15), and on the other two female figures in a round dance with next to them a hunter on horseback holding a spear, pursuing a deer in front of which is a bow and arrow. The end bears two figures of women in a round dance, with one hand on their hips.
Stećak no. 5, chest, measuring 160x86x70 cm, the quite badly damaged top of which is decorated with a crescent moon and twisted ring; at one end is a human figure dancing, in relief.
Stećak no. 6, slab, measuring, 170x96x28 cm, top decorated with a scrolling vine and trefoil and a cross in the middle.
Stećak no. 7, chest, measuring 175x82x48 cm, with a sword carved on the side.
Stećak no. 8, tall chest, measuring 140x66x89 cm, with five female figures in a round dance in relief on one side, two female figures in a round dance at one end, and a sword with a shield in the form of a square on the other end.
Stećak no. 9, slab, measuring 128x114x25 cm, top quite badly damaged.
Stećak no. 10, chest, measuring 183x86x54 cm, top quite badly damaged.
Stećak no. 11, chest, measuring179x86x70 cm, the top, which is damaged in places, is decorated with crosses and a crescent moon(16), and the side with a large sword.
Stećak no. 12, exposed part measuring 130 cm wide and 32 cm high, covered by the metalling of the road.
Stećak no. 13, exposed part measuring130 cm wide and 67 cm high, covered by the metalling of the road.
Stećak no. 14, chest, measuring 176x125x35 cm, top quite badly damaged, overgrown with grass and weeds.
Stećak no. 15, moved to the Humac Franciscan monastery(17).
Stećak no. 16, tall gabled tombstone with plinth, measuring 115x90x105 cm. The “roof” is undecorated, but below it a rope twist runs around the entire tombstone, which is decorated on all four sides:
- at one end is a shield and sword, the hilt held by a warrior with a helmet and the lower part decorated with a branch and trefoil; a small cross over the arcades of the shield
- one side is decorated with a hunting scene; a hunter on horseback with a deer fleeing from him, and a dog on the other side of the deer; the hunter is holding a long spear
- the other side is decorated with four female figures holding hands in a round dance the women at either end have a hand on their hip; the figures are in relief
- the other end is decorated with two cinquefoil rosettes between which are an anchor and a crescent moon.
Stećak no. 17, exposed part measuring181x100x approx. 50 cm, covered by the metalling of the road.
Stećak no. 18, chest, measuring 158x91x48 cm, top damaged, barely visible traces of decoration of a cross in a “rosette” and a scrolling vine with trefoils.
Stećak no. 19, tall chest, measuring113x56x58 cm, decorated with arcades on the side and end (five on the side, three on the end); over the arcades a rope twist of incised diagonal lines.
Stećak no. 20, measuring approx. 160x56 cm, covered by the metalling of the road, covered with moss.
Stećak no. 21, slab, measuring 130x75x28 cm, top damaged, decorated with crosses, a rosette(18) and a crescent moon framed by a rope twist.
Stećak no. 22, chest, measuring, 156x71x47 cm, top damaged.
Stećak no. 23, chest, measuring160x70x37 cm, top damaged.
Stećak no. 24, measuring 160x75x36 cm, covered by the metalling of the road, exposed side damaged, undecorated.
Stećak no. 25, chest, measuring140x60x approx. 50 cm, covered by the metalling of the road, exposed side undecorated.
Stećak no. 26, chest, measuring178x114x42 cm, top damaged, exposed decoration of a rope twist and vine with trefoil, overgrown with grass and weeds.
Stećak no. 27, slab, measuring 128x67x22 cm, damaged, almost indeterminate in shape.
Stećak no. 28, exposed part measuring 158x72 cm, covered by the metalling of the road.
Stećak no. 29, slab, measuring 165x68x27 cm, top damaged.
Stećak no. 30, measuring 140x95x53 cm, covered by the metalling of the road, exposed damaged side decorated with a scrolling vine.
Stećak no. 31, chest, measuring 174x79x44 cm, undecorated.
Stećak no. 32, chest, measuring 178x95x57 cm, undecorated.
Stećak no. 33, chest, measuring 160x94x68 cm, undecorated.
3. Legal status to date
The Regional Plan for BiH to 2000 lists 18 sites of necropolises with stećak tombstones (491 tombstones) in Western Herzegovina, Ljubuški, as Category III monuments under serial no. 85, without detailed identification.
The property was not protected by the Institute for the Protection of the Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage of BiH.
4. Research and conservation-restoration works
In the 1950s the National Museum in Sarajevo embarked on systematic investigations of the necropolises with stećci in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
M. Vego provided a detailed description of the Bijača necropolis(19).
Š. Bešlagić states that there is a necropolis with 33 stećak tombstones – 12 slab-shaped, 20 chest-shaped and one gabled – very close to the village of Donja Bijača(20).
5. Current condition of the property
The findings of an on-site inspection conducted on 24 June 2010 are as follows:
- the 33 stećak tombstones covered by this decision were recorded,
- nine are covered by the metalling of the Ljubuški to Vid road,
- one of the tombstones is of almost indeterminate shape,
- the decorations have suffered from the ravages of time and are not clearly visible, so that the description of those that could once be seen have been taken from Marko Vego(21),
- some of the tombstones are damaged (with shallow or deep cracks or damaged top surfaces),
- one is covered with moss, and most of the necropolis is overgrown with grass and weeds.
6. Specific risks
- proximity to the road (nine tombstones are just below the Ljubuški to Vid road and are covered by the metalling of the road).
III – CONCLUSION
Applying the Criteria for the adoption of a decision on proclaiming an item of property a national monument (Official Gazette of BiH nos. 33/02 and 15/03), the Commission has enacted the Decision cited above.
The Decision was based on the following criteria:
A. Time frame
B. Historical value
C. Artistic and aesthetic value
C.i. quality of workmanship
C.v. value of details
D. Clarity
D.i. material evidence of a lesser known historical era
D.iv. evidence of a certain type, style or regional manner
E. Symbolic value
E.i. ontological value
E.ii. religious value
E.v. significance for the identity of a group of people
The following documents form an integral part of this Decision:
- Ownership documentation
- Copy of cadastral plan, c.p. no..395 c.m. Bijača, scale 1:2500, issued on 01.07.2010 by the Department of Spatial Planning and Proprietary Rights Affairs, Municipality Ljubuški, Herzegovina-Neretva Canton, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
- Land Register entry for plot no. 501/28, Land Register entry no. 118 NAR.and RZ no. 1297/10, issued on 06.07.2010 by the Land Registry office, Ljubuški, Herzegovina-Neretva Canton, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
- copy of title deed for c.p. nos. 395 and 396, no. 92/2, issued on 01.07.2010. by the Cadastral Department, Ljubuški, Herzegovina-Neretva Canton, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- Photodocumentation
- Photographs taken on 24 June 2010 by archaeologist Silvana Čobanov using Canon 1400D digital camera.
- Technical documentation
- Technical drawings of the property (plan of the necropolis and drawings of the stećak tombstones), measured and surveyed on 24 June 2010 by architect Arijana Pašić and archaeologist Silvana Čobanov.
Bibliography
During the procedure to designate the monument as a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina the following works were consulted:
1954. Vego, Marko. Srednjevjekovni nadgrobni spomenici BiH, Ljubuški (Mediaeval tombstones of BiH, Ljubuški). Sarajevo: 1954.
1971. Bešlagić, Šefik. Stećci, kataloško-topografski pregled (Stećci, a Catalogue and Topographical Survey). Sarajevo: 1971.
1978. Kovačević-Kojić, Desanka. Gradska naselja srednjovjekovne bosanske države (Urban Settlements of the Mediaeval Bosnian State). Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša, Sarajevo, 1978.
1980. Redžić, Husref (ed.). Regional Plan for Bosnia and Herzegovina, phase B – valorization of natural, cultural and historical assets. Sarajevo: Institute for Architecture and Town and Country Planning of the Faculty of Architecture in Sarajevo and the Planning Authority of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo, 1980.
1987. Tošić, Đuro. Trg Drijeva u srednjem vijeku (Drijeva market in mediaeval times). Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša, 1987.
1999. Various authors. Srednjovjekovne humske župe (Mediaeval counties of Hum). Mostar: 1999.
(1) Marko Vego, Srednjevjekovni nadgrobni spomenici BiH, Ljubuški, Sarajevo: 1954, 4.
(2) Pavao Anđelić, “Srednjovjekovna župa Velika (Veljci) u humskoj zemlji”: in various authors. Srednjovjekovne humske župe, Mostar: 1999, 124.
(3) Pavao Anđelić, op.cit., Mostar: 1999, 123 and 125.
(4) Marko Vego, op. cit, Sarajevo: 1954, 4.
(5) Louis I the Great (Nagy Lajos), king of Hungary
(6) Marko Vego, op. cit, Sarajevo: 1954, 5.
(7) Pavao, Anđelić. op. cit., Mostar: 1999, 128.
(8) Pavao, Anđelić. op. cit., Mostar: 1999, 129.
(9) Pavao, Anđelić. op. cit., Mostar: 1999, 128, 129.
(10) Desanka Kovačević-Kojić, Gradska naselja srednjovjekovne bosanske države, Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša, 1978, 115.
(11) Pavao, Anđelić. nav. dj., Mostar:1999, 128.
(12) Decision designating the historic site of the Mramorje necropolis with stećak tombstones, Gornji Studenci, Municipality Ljubuški, as a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina, no. 05.1-2-67/08-6 of 2 June 2008, Official Gazette of BiH no. 86/08.
(13) Marko Vego, Op. cit, Sarajevo: 1954, 41,42
(14) Marko Vego, Op. cit, Sarajevo: 1954, 45.
(15) Marko Vego, Op. cit, Sarajevo: 1954, 18.
(16) Marko Vego, Op. cit, Sarajevo: 1954, 17. “There are six crosses on the top, four in relief and two incised into a ring; the largest cross has separate little crosses at the ends.”
(17) Radoslav Dodig (Ljubuški branch of Matica Hrvatska, who submitted the petition) notified us by e-mail on 25 October 2010 that this stećak had been moved to the Archaeological Collection of the Humac- Ljubuški Franciscan monastery in 2002.
(18) The letter M was incised in the middle of the rosette (Marko Vego, Op. cit, Sarajevo: 1954, 16)
(19) Marko Vego, Op. cit, Sarajevo: 1954, 15-22.
(20) Šefik Bešlagić, Stećci, kataloško-topografski pregled, Sarajevo: 1971, 313.
(21) Marko Vego, Op. cit, Sarajevo: 1954
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