Status of monument -> National monument
Published in the “Official Gazette of BiH”, no. 25/11.
Pursuant to Article V para. 4 Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Article 39 para. 1 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, at a session held from 7 to 13 July 2009 the Commission adopted a
D E C I S I O N
I
The streetscape of Kazandžiluk, Male Daire and Luledžina Streets in Sarajevo, Municipality Stari Grad Sarajevo, is hereby designated as a National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: the National Monument).
The National monument consists of all the properties in Kazandžiluk, Male Daire and Luledžina Streets and two in Oprkanj Street.
The National Monument is located on a site designated as cadastral plot nos. 354 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 11 old survey), title deed no.306, Land Register entry no. 5, cadastral municipality SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXV; c.p. 355 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 8 and 9 old survey), title deed no.32, Land Register entry no. 2 and 1, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXV; c.p. 356 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 10 old survey), title deed no.303, Land Register entry no. 4, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXV; part of c.p. 357 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 old survey), title deed no.438, Land Register entry no. 7, 9, 10, 11 and 12, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXV; c.p. 361 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 69 old survey), title deed no.369, Land Register entry no. 56, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala I; c.p. 362 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 70 old survey), title deed no.112, Land Register entry no. 57, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala I; c.p. 363/1 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 71 and 72 old survey), title deed no.233, Land Register entry no. 58 and 59, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala I; c.p. 363/2 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 8 old survey), title deed no.317, Land Register entry no. 1, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIV; c.p. 364 (new survey, corresponding to part of c.p. 1 old survey), title deed no.300, Land Register entry no. 23, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIV; c.p. 365 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 6 old survey), title deed no.438, Land Register entry no. 2, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIV; c.p. 366/1 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 5 old survey), title deed no.165, Land Register entry no. 3, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIV; c.p. 366/2 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 4 old survey), title deed no.199, Land Register entry no. 24, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIV; c.p. 367 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 3 old survey), title deed no.451, Land Register entry no. 4, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIV; c.p. 368 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 2 old survey), title deed no.438, Land Register entry no. 5, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIV; c.p. 369 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 30 old survey), title deed no.304, Land Register entry no. 6, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIV; c.p. 370 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 29 old survey), title deed no.180, Land Register entry no. 7, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIV; c.p. 371 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 28 and 27 old survey), title deed no.438, Land Register entry no. 8 and 9, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIV; c.p. 372 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 1 old survey), title deed no.129, Land Register entry no. 23, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIV; c.p. 373 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 75 old survey c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala I and c.p. 9 and 10 old survey c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIV), title deed no.149 Land Register entry no. 60, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala I and Land Register entry no. 21 and 22 c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIV; c.p. 374 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 76 old survey), title deed no.570, Land Register entry no. 62, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala I; c.p. 375 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 78 old survey), title deed no.18, Land Register entry no. 63, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala I; c.p. 376 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 77 old survey), title deed no.571, Land Register entry no. 61, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala I; c.p. 377 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 79 and 80 old survey c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala I, and c.p. 11 old survey, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIV), title deed no.97, Land Register entry no. 64 and 24, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala I and Land Register entry no. 29, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala I; c.p. 378 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 81 old survey), title deed no.438, Land Register entry no. 29, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala I; c.p. 379 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 82 old survey), title deed no.438, Land Register entry no. 31, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala I; c.p. 380 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 83 and 84 old survey), title deed no.326, Land Register entry no. 35 and 37, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala I; c.p. 381 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 85 and 86 old survey), title deed no.223, Land Register entry no. 43 and 44, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala I; c.p. 382 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 87 old survey), title deed no.250, Land Register entry no. 45, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala I; c.p. 383 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 13 old survey), title deed no.40, Land Register entry no. 7, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 384 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 12 old survey), title deed no.569, Land Register entry no. 8, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 385 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 11 old survey), title deed no.254, Land Register entry no. 11, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 386 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 10 old survey), title deed no.256, Land Register entry no. 15, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 387 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 9 old survey), title deed no.476, Land Register entry no. 16, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 388 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 12 old survey), title deed no.438, Land Register entry no. 19, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIV; c.p. 389 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 13 old survey), title deed no.118, Land Register entry no. 18, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIV; c.p. 390 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 8 old survey), title deed no.406, Land Register entry no. 17, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 391 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 7 old survey), title deed no.356, Land Register entry no. 18, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 392 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 6 old survey), title deed no.438, Land Register entry no. 19, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 393 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 14 old survey), title deed no.396, Land Register entry no. 17, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIV; c.p. 394 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 15 and 16 old survey), title deed no.253, Land Register entry no. 16 and 15, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIV; c.p. 395 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 17 old survey), title deed no.438, Land Register entry no. 14, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIV; c.p. 396 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 18 old survey), title deed no.438, Land Register entry no. 13, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIV; c.p. 397 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 21 old survey), title deed no.438, Land Register entry no. 12, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIV; c.p. 398/1 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 24 old survey), title deed no.438, Land Register entry no. 11, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIV; c.p. 398/2 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 26 old survey), title deed no.538, Land Register entry no. 10, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIV; c.p. 410 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 32 old survey), title deed no.438, Land Register entry no. 27, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 411 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 33, 34 and 35 old survey), title deed no.567, Land Register entry no. 26, 25 and 24, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 412 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 2 old survey), title deed no.438, Land Register entry no. 23, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 413 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 3 old survey), title deed no.559, Land Register entry no. 22, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 414 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 4 old survey), title deed no.438, Land Register entry no. 21, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 415 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 5 old survey), title deed no.503, Land Register entry no. 20, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 416 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 1 old survey), title deed no.129, Land Register entry no. 35, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 417 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 28 old survey), title deed no.226, Land Register entry no. 29, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 418 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 29 old survey), title deed no.29, Land Register entry no. 28, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 419 (new survey, corresponding to part of c.p. 30 old survey), title deed no.545, Land Register entry no. 2, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 420 (new survey, corresponding to part of c.p. 30 old survey), title deed no.545, Land Register entry no. 2, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 424 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 27 old survey), title deed no.43, Land Register entry no. 12, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 425/1 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 23 old survey), title deed no.564, Land Register entry no. 32, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 425/2 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 25 old survey), title deed no.78, Land Register entry no. 31, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 432 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 22 old survey), title deed no.551, Land Register entry no. 33, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 433 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 21 old survey), title deed no.357, Land Register entry no. 1, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 434 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 20 old survey), title deed no.224, Land Register entry no. 34, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 435 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 37 old survey), title deed no.255, Land Register entry no. 3, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 436 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 19 old survey), title deed no.181, Land Register entry no. 30, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 437 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 36 old survey), title deed no.252, Land Register entry no. 4, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 438 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 18 old survey), title deed no.438, Land Register entry no. 5, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 439 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 17 old survey), title deed no.447, Land Register entry no. 6, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 440 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 16 old survey), title deed no.225, Land Register entry no. 9, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 441 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 15 old survey), title deed no.257, Land Register entry no. 10, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala XXIII; c.p. 442 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 88 and 89 old survey), title deed no.28, Land Register entry no. 46 and 48, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala I; c.p. 443 (new survey, corresponding to c.p. 96 old survey), title deed no.13, Land Register entry no. 50, c.m. SP_Sarajevo - Mahala I; Municipality Stari Grad, Sarajevo, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The provisions relating to protection measures set forth by the Law on the Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, established pursuant to Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of the Federation of BiH nos. 2/02, 27/02, 6/04 and 51/07) shall apply to the National Monument.
II
The Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: the Government of the Federation) shall be responsible for providing the legal, scientific, technical, administrative and financial measures necessary for the protection and presentation of the National Monument.
The Commission to Preserve National Monuments (hereinafter: the Commission) shall determine the technical requirements and secure the funds for preparing and erecting signboards with basic details of the monument and the Decision to proclaim the property a National Monument.
III
To ensure the on-going protection of the National Monument on the site defined in Clause 1 para. 2 of this Decision, the following protection measures are hereby stipulated:
- all works are prohibited other than conservation and restoration works, works for the purpose of the reconstruction of original buildings or their original parts, works designed to ensure the sustainable use of the properties, routine maintenance works on the buildings in the townscape, and works designed to display the monument, with the approval of the Federal Ministry responsible for regional planning and under the expert supervision of the heritage protection authority of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina;
- all works that could jeopardize the National Monument (extensions, the addition of storeys and similar works) are prohibited, as is the erection of temporary or permanent buildings or facilities not designed solely for the protection and presentation of the National Monument;
- during the restoration, conservation and routine maintenance of the buildings in the townscape, their original appearance shall be retained and original materials and building techniques shall be used;
- changes of use in the properties in Kazandžiluk street are prohibited. Changes of use may be permitted in the properties in Mali Kazandžiluk and Luledžina streets and part of Oprkanj street provided that they do not entail alterations to the entrance fronts of the buildings, the roof panes, the height or the interior layout. Such changes shall not be such as to impair the streetscape of Kazandžiluk, Male Daire and Luledžina Streets;
- the original paving of the streets in the townscape shall be restored.
The following urgent protection measures are hereby prescribed to protect the National Monument:
- a preliminary survey of their current condition in order to determine any damage to the properties in the townscape that could result in the loss of individual buildings or parts of buildings and to identify interventions carried out without permission which have impaired the appearance of individual buildings and the value of the townscape;
- repair works on the buildings at most risk (reconstruction and restoration of roofs, replacement of damaged parts of the roof cladding and roof timbers, etc.);
- the reversal of interventions carried out on the buildings without permission, in order to restore them to their original appearance, beginning with the removal of the extra storey added to the esnaf mekteb;
- the erection of a barrier around the site of the recently-demolished property at the corner of Luledžina and Oprkanj streets, a ban on parking in the area in question, and clearing the site of waste;
- a detailed survey of the townscape to identify:
- the current condition of the properties as regards the extent, type, quality and degree of preservation;
- the exact degree of damage to each property;
- the causes of devastation to the properties and the value of the streetscape;
- the design of a conservation, restoration and revitalization project based on the survey of the current condition;
- the conservation and restoration of the properties in line with the conservation project;
- drawing up a programme and plan for the maintenance of the townscape, specifying the organizations responsible for implementing the said programme.
A buffer zone is hereby prescribed for the purpose of preserving the value of the National Monument. The buffer zone consists of the plots adjacent to the site of the National Monuments, being cadastral plots nos. 357 (part), 358, 359, 360, 399/1, 399/2, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 421, 422, 423, 426, 427, 428, 429 and 430 (new survey).
In the buffer zone, the construction of new buildings, the addition of extra storeys or extensions or alterations to the buildings that could endanger or compromise the appearance and value of the National Monument are prohibited.
All interventions carried out without permission on the properties in the buffer zone are to be reversed and the properties restored to their original condition.
IV
All executive and area development planning acts are hereby revoked to the extent that they are not in accordance with the provisions of this Decision.
V
Everyone, and in particular the competent authorities of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Canton, and urban and municipal authorities, shall refrain from any action that might damage the National Monument or jeopardize the preservation thereof.
VI
The Government of the Federation, the Federal Ministry responsible for regional planning, the Federation heritage protection authority, and the Municipal Authorities in charge of urban planning and land registry affairs, shall be notified of this Decision in order to carry out the measures stipulated in Articles II to V of this Decision, and the Authorized Municipal Court shall be notified for the purposes of registration in the Land Register.
VII
The elucidation and accompanying documentation form an integral part of this Decision, which may be viewed by interested parties on the premises or by accessing the website of the Commission (http://www.kons.gov.ba)
VIII
Pursuant to Art. V para 4 Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, decisions of the Commission are final.
IX
This Decision shall enter into force on the day following its publication in the Official Gazette of BiH.
This Decision has been adopted by the following members of the Commission: Zeynep Ahunbay, Martin Cherry, Amra Hadžimuhamedović, Dubravko Lovrenović and Ljiljana Ševo.
No: 09-2-40/09-46
7 July 2009
Sarajevo
Chair of the Commission
Amra Hadžimuhamedović
E l u c i d a t i o n
I – INTRODUCTION
Pursuant to Article 2, paragraph 1 of the Law on the Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, established pursuant to Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a “National Monument” is an item of public property proclaimed by the Commission to Preserve National Monuments to be a National Monument pursuant to Articles V and VI of Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and property entered on the Provisional List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of BiH no. 33/02) until the Commission reaches a final decision on its status, as to which there is no time limit and regardless of whether a petition for the property in question has been submitted or not.
On 27 June 2003 the Cantonal Institute for the Protection of the Cultural and Natural Heritage of Sarajevo submitted a petition/proposal to designate the Baščaršija townscape as a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The streetscape of Kazandžiluk, Male Daire and Luledžina Streets forms part of the Baščaršija townscape.
On 30 June 2009 Bejtić Muhamed and Mujesira submitted to the Commission to Preserve National Monuments a proposal to designate the SUR Behar Bosnian Coffeehouse at no. 28 Kazandžiluk Street as a national monument of BiH.
The Commission to Preserve National Monuments issued a decision to add the urban townscape of Sarajevo to the Provisional List of National Monuments under serial no. 564. The streetscape of Kazandžiluk, Male Daire and Luledžina Streets forms part of the urban townscape of Sarajevo, pursuant to which the Commission proceeded to carry out the procedure to designate the Property as a National Monument, pursuant to Article V para. 4 of Annex 8 and Article 35 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments.
Pursuant to the law, the Commission proceeded to carry out the procedure for reaching a final decision to designate the Property as a National Monument, pursuant to Article V para. 4 of Annex 8 and Article 35 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments.
Statement of significance
The streetscape of Kazandžiluk, Male Daire and Luledžina Streets has not only retained its original fabric, but is also of particular value in that the coppersmiths’ craft has been preserved there.
Kazandžiluk, Male Daire and Luledžina Streets, a group of shops and stores forming three streets, is one of the best preserved townscapes in Baščaršija in terms of architecture, urban layout and function, where the original morphology of the streets and the appearance, form and proportions of the shops and stores have survived.
The traditional craft and trade of making and selling copper articles that has been preserved there is a rare feature in the Sarajevo čaršija today where, all too often, all that remains of the crafts practised in some of the streets or of certain crafts is the name of the street where they were once practised.
This is a rare instance of the survival of a townscape of historic significance that has retained its original economic function to this day.
II – PROCEDURE PRIOR TO DECISION
In the procedure preceding the adoption of a final decision to proclaim the property a national monument, the following documentation was inspected:
- Documentation on the location and the current owner and user of the property (Land Register entry, title deed and copy of cadastral plan)
- Data on the current condition and use of the property, including a description and photographs, data of war damage, data on restoration or other works on the property, etc.
- Historical, architectural and other documentary material on the property, as set out in the bibliography forming part of this Decision.
The owners and occupiers of the properties constituting the national monument were notified verbally that the process of adopting a final decision was under way during a site visit by Commission staff. All owners were told that the properties they occupy or own form constitute cultural heritage.
The findings based on the review of the above documentation and the condition of the property are as follows:
1. Details of the property
Location
The streetscape of the Kazandžijska čaršija (coppersmiths’ quarter) is in the centre of Baščaršija, surrounding the Baščaršija mosque. The streets within the quarter are Kazandžiluk, Mali Kazandžiluk, Luledžina and part of Oprkanj street. Kazandžiluk street runs from Baščaršija square (with the Sebilj) to the west to Oprkanj street to the east.
The National Monument is located on a site in cadastral municipality SP Sarajevo – Mahala I, SP Sarajevo – Mahala XXIII, SP Sarajevo – Mahala XXIV, and SP Sarajevo – Mahala XXV, Municipality Stari Grad, Sarajevo, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Historical information
The formation of Baščaršija
Though the area where Sarajevo is now located was inhabited before the arrival of the Ottomans, it was not until the 16th century(1) that the city truly flourished as its urban, economic and cultural development gained momentum.
The year 1462, when the vakufnama of Isa-bey Ishaković was composed, is generally regarded as the beginning of Sarajevo’s urban development in the Ottoman period.(2) The erection of Isa-bey's endowed buildings marked the beginning of Sarajevo's development into a town. In 1457, he had built a mosque on the orders of Sultan Mehmed Fatih, known as the Careva (Emperor's) mosque. He also built a court or saray, after which the city was named.(3) The earliest reference to the name Saray-ovasi (the meadow or plain around the court) is in 1455, in Isa-bey Ishaković's inventory.(4)
Following Isa-bey, many other governors, feudal lords, affluent merchants and artisans built various religious, social, commercial and cultural edifices, resulting in Sarajevo's becoming one of the largest and most important cities in Bosnia and one of the largest in the entire Balkans, especially in the 16th century, when the most important edifices of the Ottoman period were built.(5)
One of the reasons for the 16th century being Sarajevo's golden age was Gazi Husrev-bey's presence here during his term as sanjak-bey or governor of Bosnia from 1521 to 1451.
Like other cities of which the organization was affected by Muslim rules of construction, the commercial and residential areas of Sarajevo were kept separate. The residential quarters were known as mahalas, and the commercial area, where trade was conducted and crafts practised, is known as the čaršija.
The residential quarters took shape on the surrounding hillsides, spreading outwards from the centre. The čaršija was formed in the mid 15th century, developed rapidly in the latter half of the 16th century, and was completed by the end of that century. The crossroads where the Firduzbey baths and the Čekrekčijina and Baščaršija mosques are now located became the centre of the čaršija, known as Baščaršija, with the river Mošćanica flowing through it.(6)
Until the beginning of Austro-Hungarian rule in 1878, this part of the city was the most highly developed business, religious and administrative centre, with its crafts and its inns and eating houses, and was the largest of any in Bosnia and Herzegovina.(7)
The entire Sarajevo čaršija was built around 1554. Kreševljaković describes it in these terms:
“At that time, the distribution of the various crafts meant that it looked like this: the Sabljarska [swordsmiths'] čaršija extended from the Ajasbey mosque (now the Hotel Central) towards the Ćumurija bridge and along what is now Yugoslav National Army street, while to the south and east of it, along the Miljacka, was the Franačka [Franks'] čaršija. The Terzijska [tailors'] čaršija extended from the Latin bridge to the First of May Pharmacy, and from the Latin bridge to the Emperor's bridge, on the right bank of the Miljacka, was Donji tabaci [the downstream tanners' quarter], with Gornji tabaci [the upstream tanners' quarter] from the Emperor's bridge to the City Hall. Aščiluk [a street of eating-houses] and the Berberska [barbers' or barber-surgeons'] čaršija, ran from the Terzijska čaršija parallel with Donji tabaci; beyond them to the Tabačka [tanners'] mosque was the Fišekčijska [bullet-makers'] čaršija. The Češljarska [comb-makers'] čaršija (now Kundurdžiluk) ran from the Mehmedbey Minetović mosque (now the Central Vakuf Authority). Veliki and Mali Kujundžiluk [goldsmiths' street, greater and lesser] took shape to the east of the Gazi Husrevbey bezistan, and in the 17th century there is reference to a Balugdžijska (fishmongers') čaršija in the continuation of Veliki kujundžiluk towards what is now Tito street. Mudželiti and Mali Mudželiti (bookbinders) lay between the Husrevbey mosque, his imaret and the Ajasbey baths, with Veliki and Mali Ćurčiluk [furriers' streets] to the south of the mosque. To the east of the mosque and west of the Kolobara caravanserai were two parallel čaršijas, Čizmedžiluk [boot-makers' street] by the mosque and Kazazi (haberdashers' street) by Kolobara.
Sarači [leather-workers' street] took shape to the north of this mosque, the Kolobara caravanserai and the Mehmedbey bezistan, while to the south of the bezistan and Kolobara was Bazerđani (merchants' street). To the east of the Brusa bezistan was Abadžiluk [the street of the makers of aba, a thick homespun cloth], and to the south Nalčadžije [the street where iron heel caps for men's boots and shoes were made]. The čaršijas that took shape around the Baščaršija mosque were Halači [fullers' street], Bravadžiluk [locksmiths' street] and Kazandžiluk. The Firduzbey baths were surrounded by Mali sarači, Atari (apothecaries' street) and Halvadžiluk [street of the makers of halva], while around the Čekrekčijina mosque were Kasapi [butchers], Sagrdžije [leatherworkers who scraped the hair from the hides], Kovači [blacksmiths], Puškari [gunsmiths], Samardžije [pack-saddle makers] and, a little further away, Bojadžije [dyers]. Traders were based in three bezistans. The main trades pursued in the part of the čaršija along the left bank of the Miljacka were those of the zildžija [maker of bells and other brass and bronze articles], kantardžija [scales maker] and knifesmiths or bičakčija; hence this čaršija was known as Zildžiluk, even though there were also other tradesmen there, such as butchers, barber-surgeons, pack-saddle makers and tanners.” (8)
Some eighty different crafts and trades were represented in the Sarajevo čaršija, organized into powerful esnafs (guilds). The crafts were also organized topographically by type of craft or guild, so that each street would contain the shops of a single craft or several closely-related ones.(9) There were 45 streets in all, with names such as Kazandžiluk, Kujundžiluk, Kazazi, Franačka čaršija, Halači, Mudželiti, composing the Sarajevo čaršija. The wares of Sarajevo's artisans and craftsmen were renowned far and wide, and were produced not only for the Sarajevo market but also for export to other parts of the world.(10)
In structure and content, the artisanal trades of the Sarajevo čaršija gave it its distinctive features throughout its existence, as a result of which the old Sarajevo čaršija is a priori a čaršija of crafts and trades.(11)
In 1783 a mekteb was established in the Oprkanj or Ibrikčijska [ewer-makers'] čaršija to provide a general education for future artisans, and was attended by apprentices to every trade. There they learned the essentials of religion, such as how to read and write the Arabic script. Classes were over by 9 a.m. to enable the apprentices to get to work under their masters on time. Some apprentices, on completing their studies in the mekteb, not only worked in the shop by day, but also pursued their education, graduating from the medresa [Islamic college] and training to serve as an imam, muezzin or guild doadžija [the artisan responsible for reciting suitable prayers for various occasions].(12)
Alija Bejtić notes that so far the mekteb in Oprkanj is the first known apprentices' school.(13)
The coppersmiths' trade
One of the oldest and most highly developed trades in the čaršija was metal-working, with three separate guilds in Sarajevo: the blacksmiths' guild (working in iron), the kazandžijas' guild (copper and tin) and the goldsmiths' (gold and silver). Local raw materials met the entire needs of the first, the second depended wholly on imports, and the third was based on both local and imported materials. The presence of their respective raw materials meant that there were both blacksmiths and goldsmiths in Bosnia and Herzegovina even before the arrival of the Ottomans.(14)
The earliest records of trades in Sarajevo date from 1489, and are to be found in the oldest known cadastral records, on the basis of which Nedim Filipović identified seventeen different crafts. In another official record, drawn up in 1528-1536, Professor Filipović identified 35 different trades – the seventeen old ones, and nineteen new. This latter document is the first to make mention of the coppersmiths' craft.(15)
The coppersmiths' guild covered two groups of artisans, kazandžijas (artisans making copper wares, mainly dishes for the table, and vessels for beverages and water), and kalajdžijas (artisans who tinned the copper wares). This trade has survived in Sarajevo ever since the arrival of the Ottomans. The wares produced by Sarajevo's coppersmiths supplied the whole of Bosnia and Herzegovina and were also exported to other parts of the world. About half a century ago, these artisans were still making more than seventy different articles, using as many different tools – more than any other craft. Even now they still make many different articles.(16)
“As well as the general terms kazandžija and kalajdžija, these artisans are also known after the wares they make: for example, ibrikčija [maker of ewers], fenjerdžija [lantern-maker], tasar [dish or basin maker], etc.” (17)
The principal raw materials used in these trades are copper, tin, sal ammoniac and lead. The only fuel used is charcoal.
The Ottomans brought copper vessels to the Balkans, including Bosnia. The Ottomans themselves had adopted them from the Persians, as attested by many of the names of the vessels, as well as of the tools used by coppersmiths.(18)
“As far as is known, the coppersmiths' guild was the first in which the artisans began to become traders as well, selling copper, tin and all the coppersmiths' wares. The paucity of sources means that there are no references to these traders before the early 18th century, but they must surely predate this.” (19)
Kazandžiluk, Male Daire and Luledžina Streets
“The kazandžijska čaršija is in the same place as it has been since the 16th century. Oprkanj or the Ibrikčijska čaršija has belonged to it since time out of mind, but there were coppersmiths' workshops in the area known as Vratnik. At the back of each workshop was an ardija or back room with an odžak or forge, since it is as impossible to imagine this trade without a forge as it is a smithy... In 1489 only one coppersmith was working in Sarajevo, one Hamza, who lived in the Mehmedbey Minetović mahala, somewhere in the area of the present-day Vakuf Directorate building. In 1530 there were thirteen coppersmiths and five tinsmiths in Sarajevo, living in eight different mahalas. In 1848 the coppersmiths' trade numbered sixty members over the age of 18, but by 1947 the number had fallen to 31. The coppersmiths' guild could have been founded in the early 16th century... There are families in this guild whose members have been coppersmiths for 150 years or more. Among them are the Ramić and Spaho families, and to some extent the Sabura and Hadžišabanović families... Even after the abolition of the guilds, and right up to World War I, the coppersmiths and some other guilds elected a ćehaja [guild master](20) and čauš [deputy guild master](21). Their last ćehaja was Hajji-Husein Smajiš, and the last čauš was Hajji-Omer Gvozden; the former died in 1915, and the latter in 1923.”(22)
“The coppersmiths' guild had one of the most interesting tefters(23), since it listed not only all the master-craftsmen and kalfi [kalfa, assistant to a master-craftsman who has completed his apprenticeship and passed an exam], but also the accounts for various excursions and other occasions and events in this guild going back to the time when coins were minted in Sarajevo. It had been kept since before 1878 by Mehaga Ramić, but was borrowed from him by Kosta Herman in or around 1890, and never returned. It remains a mystery what happened to it after that. This was also the oldest tefter, since coins were minted in Sarajevo in 1688.”(24)
The coppersmiths' quarter consists of three streets, Kazandžiluk, Male Daire and Luledžina Streets. Referring to the origins of the names of these streets, Alija Bejtić provides the following details:
Kazandžiluk street is in the heart of the old čaršija. “It begins at Baščaršija and runs east before making a sharp turn to the south to end in Bravadžiluk. It is one of the oldest Sarajevo streets or čaršijas, where, unlike all the others, it still retains the trade of making various copper wares and souvenirs in the same way as they were made 400 years ago. The craftsmen are still known by the old oriental guild terminology of kazandžija, probably because in the Orient, or rather the Ottoman Empire, they mainly made kazans – cauldrons for the army.
The street took shape as a čaršija in the 16th century on what had until then been open ground, which was purchased by Sagrakči hajji-Mahmut, who endowed it for the mosque he had built in Ulomljenica. Sagrakči hajji Mahmut's mosque and mahala were not yet in existence in 1515; the earliest reference to them is in 1528, meaning that the land was endowed at that time and, equally, that the Kazandžiluk čaršija began to take shape only after the latter year.
In terms of content, the wider area in the next-door street, Luledžina, formed an integral part of this street, housing the storerooms(25) of the coppersmiths in this first čaršija; it was therefore initially known as Mali kazandžiluk, then as the Ibrikčijska čaršija, as Oprkanj and, finally, as Luledžina street. It became a separate street known as Mali kazandžiluk, and no longer part of Kazandžiluk street, in 1931.
The street or čaršija acquired its name long ago, in the Turkish period, after the name of its craftsmen, and has never been changed, giving it great ethnological and historical value as the name denoting a distinct group of buildings in the city and a particular activity of artistic value, still being pursued in the same street.” (26)
Luledžina is in the eastern part of the old čaršija. “It starts from Kazandžiluk street, leading initially to the north and turning into a small square, from which it then turns east and leads into Danila Ilića street. One branch leads in the opposite direction, to Baščaršija.
The street took shape in the 16th century on land belonging to the Gazi Isa-bey vakuf, endowed for his charity in 1462. In the 18th century, and probably even earlier, it was a čaršija forming part of Kazandžiluk. A particular type of coppersmiths' wares was made here, the ibrik [ewer], hence its name of Ibrikčijska čaršija. At around the same time, and in particular later, the čaršija was also known as Oprkanj, and included the street now known as Danila Ilića street. In the Austro-Hungarian period it is to be encountered mainly by the name Oprkanjski mejdan, but from 1900 it was known as Oprkanj, apart from 191 [sic], when it is recorded in the linguistic variant Oprkanje.
After 1918 it lost its name and became part of Kazandžiluk. In 1931 there was a further change, when the present-day street was divided into two sections as separate streets: the small central square, named Mali Kazandžiluk, and the west-east street from Baščaršija to Danila Ilića street, which was given the present name of Luledžina street.
There was a two-storey building in this street where an apprentices' school (mekteb) had been housed for a long time. The school, and probably the building itself, was set up in 1783 by kazandžija hajji Osman Hadžimuharemović, who worked either there or in the adjoining čaršija. The school remained in operation until 1912. The last teacher was hajji Hafiz Mustafa Muhi, known as Luledžija, a nickname he acquired from having made pipes for smoking when he was young. And then the street was named after teacher Luledžija. He died in 1917 at the age of 83. Before that he had taught in three mektebs in Sarajevo. He was known as a hafiz and a fine calligrapher.” (27)
The poet Mehmedalija Mak Dizdar lived in the apprentices’ school (mekteb) from 1953 to 1962.
The street name Oprkanj dates back to the 16th century and the formation of the čaršija. According to one etymology, oprkanj means a kind of covered street, which would mean that this street, or part of it at least, would once have been covered. Old Oprkanj took in this street [the description refers to Danila Ilića Street] to Kočićeva Street and present-day Luledžina Street. Danila Ilića was known by the old name Oprkanj until 1921 and between 1941 and 1945.(28)
History of Baščaršija and the streetscape of Kazandžiluk, Male Daire and Luledžina Streets from 1850 to the present
Until the 19th century, Baščaršija was the centre of the city. The formation of a new city centre is associated with the decline of the builds and the introduction of Austro-Hungarian rule and the development of the city, the centre began to shift away from the čaršija.
For almost a hundred years, from 1878 to 1975, the čaršija went through a period of serious decline, with crafts and craftsmen dying out, and its buildings and structure undergoing change. New buildings were erected on the sites of properties that had been destroyed by fire, with complete disregard for the proportions and appearance of the buildings or their use – these new buildings were mainly used for residential purposes.
The čaršija had lost its original purpose, and the artisans and tradesmen were increasingly abandoning their shops and their original ways of doing business.
In his analysis of the čaršija and its changes from its origins to the mid 20th century, Neidhardt identified two periods: yesterday's čaršija, the “harmonious čaršija” (from the 16th to the late 19th century), characterized by its harmonious architecture, and today's čaršija, the “disharmonious čaršija” (from the late 19th to the mid 20th century), characterized by its disregard of the cultural heritage and the gradual disappearance of the values and forms of the čaršija.(29)
There was much debate after World War II ended, and up to 1975, on how best to go about revitalizing the old Sarajevo čaršija. Some advocated demolishing dilapidated structures and reconstructing parts as an open-air museum, retaining only the most valuable historic monuments.
In 1975, with the adoption of the Regulatory Plan for the Sarajevo Čaršija, guidelines for the protection of the structure of the čaršija were laid down that are still in force.
The streetscape of Kazandžiluk, Male Daire and Luledžina Streets suffered minor damage during the 1992-1995 war. Damage within the fabric of the čaršija has been caused since 1995, by additions to the buildings carried out without a permit, and inexpert, incongruous interventions to the buildings.
In terms of architecture, layout and function, the streetscape of Kazandžiluk, Male Daire and Luledžina Streets is today one of the best-preserved townscapes in Baščaršija. The morphology of the streets has survived, as have the appearance, form and proportions of the shops and storerooms constituting the čaršija. The traditional occupation of making and selling copper wares has survived, a rare feature in the Sarajevo čaršija today, in which all that remains as evidence of the crafts and trades of certain streets is the street name.
2. Description of the property
The streetscape of Kazandžiluk, Male Daire and Luledžina Streets is formed by the shops and storerooms along three streets, Kazandžiluk, Mali Kazandžiluk and Luledžina, and part of Oprkanj street. It is bounded to the west by Baščaršija square with the Sebilj.
The shorter section of Kazandžiluk street runs north-south for about 20 metres, before turning west for about 80 metres, making an overall length for the street of about 100 metres. It has shops along both sides, 34 in all.(30)
To the north of Kazandžiluk street are Mali Kazandžiluk and Luledžina street. Mali Kazandžiluk is in fact a group of storerooms surrounding a small square. Luledžina street, which lies east-west, joins the square, Mali Kazandžiluk, to the north. On both sides of the street are shops and storerooms.
Oprkanj street forms the eastern boundary of the coppersmiths’ quarter, running north-south.
Kazandžiluk, Male Daire and Luledžina Streets have retained their original urban morphology almost intact since they first came into being.
The architecture of the buildings forming Kazandžiluk, Male Daire and Luledžina Streets has necessarily changed in line with the norms and needs of the times and events that the Sarajevo čaršija as a whole has experienced. Essential changes have been made to the width of the streets and the shape of the eaves of the shops to prevent the disastrous fires that have swept through and destroyed the Sarajevo čaršija on several occasions from spreading. Under the Austro-Hungarians, changes were introduced that were regarded at the time as modernization and designed to improve the quality of life: the “the old cobbled streets began to be replaced by asphalt, lanterns were replaced by electric lights, and the basic units of the čaršija, its shops, began a phase of metamorphosis: the horizontal ćepenak shutters began to be replaced by vertically hinged shutters (they survive in places in Kazandžiluk).” (31)
Nonetheless, despite these numerous interventions, the basic architectural principles have been retained as regards the appearance, size and layout of the shops and storerooms, and the basic dimensions, volumes and proportions of the buildings forming the streetscape of Kazandžiluk, Male Daire and Luledžina Streets have survived, as has the original materialization of the buildings and the form of the street fronts.
The shops have mainly been enlarged depthwise into the ardija [back room] and storeroom forming an integral part of the shop. For the most part, the storerooms are no longer used for their original purpose. However, these alterations to the interior of the buildings, and the introduction of new uses in Luledžina street and Mali Kazandžiluk have been carried out in conformity with the principles and guidelines laid down by the 1975 Regulatory Plan for the Sarajevo čaršija.(32)
Description of the shops and storerooms (33)
The most numerous buildings forming the čaršijas and defining their streets were workshops. The modest architecture of the workshops, built by the local builders known as dunđers(34), sit unobtrusively in the Sarajevo čaršija among other, monumental, domed edifices.
The typical form of the shops and storerooms, with the contrast between the lively, lightweight façades of the workshops and the severe solidity of those of the storerooms, together with the tapping of the artisans' tools as they make their wares, combine to create the distinctive nature of the townscape.
Shops are the most numerous and indeed the basic unit of the čaršija as a whole, the module for the entire čaršija.(35)
The most readily recognizable feature of the shops is their street fronts, which is indeed the only part of them that can be seen. “The shop is raised, with its entire front open. Outside it has a bench on brackets and a raised floor below which is a coalhole where charcoal is stored for use in winter. The floor is laid on a stone base as if on piles, to protect the shop from flooding by the Miljacka and the Ramić baths.
The entire front of the shop is closed when not in use by horizontally-opening shutters known as ćefenci (sing. ćefenak)(36). When open, the lower flap forms an extension of the floor as a bench supported by brackets, and the top flap forms a canopy below the eaves. When the shop is closed, the top flap is lowered and the bench is raised, and a bar is place across them and padlocked.”(37)
The daily play of the wooden ćepenak shutters brings the street to life and contributes to the “conversation” between the artisans and passers-by.
In his description of the appearance of the shops, Kreševljaković notes: “Apart from the barber-surgeons' shops, all the other shops in the old čaršija were completely open to the street and, with the exception of those around the bezistans, were built of wood. The floor of each shop was a little above street level, with below it a gap known as the ćumurnjak [charcoal bunker]. Between each shop and its neighbours on either side were wooden partition walls. The ceiling and roof were also of wood, and the third side was usually part of the building onto which the shop abutted – a bezistan, baths, caravanserai, or the storeroom to the rear of the shop. The shops were closed with ćepenak shutters. The bottom ćepenak was lowered onto brackets formed by the projecting ends of the floor joists, or rested on posts. The top ćepenak flaps folded one over the other and were raised and hooked to the eaves by an iron hook attached to the rafters. When the shop was closed, a bar was placed over the ćepenak shutters. Some shops had not only the ćepenak shutters but also a door to the side. Vertical shutters began to be introduced after the Austro-Hungarian occupation.
The shops that had an ardija [back room] at the rear(38) had a central passage at street level, known as the đirum. There was not one coppersmith's workshop or smithy without a đirum.
The shops varied in size, ranging from 4 to 8 m²; they might be larger, but were rarely smaller. All the shops in one street were of the same height, up to 3 m, and the roofs of all the shops in a given street appeared to belong to a single building.”(39)
The proportions of the shops were to the human scale. Inside, the workspace was reduced to a minimum. As Bejtić observes, the size of the shops is the direct result of the production process, “of those small-scale activities in which artisanship did not develop to reach the scale of manufacturing, and trade was far from reaching the potential that it would gain under the guise of capitalism.”(40)
The distinctive feature of the storerooms is their enclosed quality, the result of their purpose – to protect goods from theft, fire and flood.
“The storerooms were usually to the rear of the shop, on the ground floor, but sometimes also on the first floor, built basilica-style together with the workshop. Originally, therefore, the storerooms and workshops were together, but later the storerooms came to form a separate quarter with a divanhana [corridor, landing] on the first floor, where the merchant would converse or drink coffee with his friends.
The storerooms to the rear of the shops were built of stone and unfired brick, with a ceiling of oak beams and an infill of unfired brick and lime mixed with sand, which was effectively fireproof, known as ateštenemin, meaning fireproof. The doors, and perhaps the windows, would be iron.” (41)
Kazandžiluk street
Most of the buildings in Kazandžiluk street are single-storey buildings with a room in the loft.(42) Most of them were designed and built as shops, with some built as storerooms.
On account of the specific requirements of the craft, there was a separate back room behind the shop, known as the ardija, used solely as a workshop. It was in effect a forge, with bellows and an anvil.
The shops are built of wood and stone. Wood, which is mainly dark brown in colour, was used for the street fronts and roof trusses. The plinth of the shop, which is about 30 cm high, and the floor, are of stone.(43)
The storerooms were built of wood, stone and iron: wood for the roof trusses, stone for the walls and floor, and iron for the entrance door and windows.
The entrances to the shops were at street or pavement level.
The street front of Kazandžiluk Street is formed by the constant interplay of projecting shop windows and recessed doors between them, where the shop windows stand out from the wall face to show off the artisans' wares and the recessed doors “beckon” the passerby into the small shop area. The street front is the best indicator of daily life in Kazandžiluk street: the shops, which are completely open during the day, are closed in the evening by wooden ćepenak shutters with a diagonal crossbar, and silence falls on a street that is known for the constant tap-tapping of the coppersmiths. (44)
The buildings have steep, usually pent roofs all roughly the same height. The eaves extend over the shop windows. The usual roof cladding is hollow tiles.(45) Some roofs have dormer windows to allow light into the loft.(46)
Building no. 1 – shop
On Baščaršija square, by the Baščaršija mosque, with its entrance from Baščaršija square, on the west side. The entrance façade is entirely built of wood. The interior is raised on a stone plinth about 70 cm in height.
The wooden ćepenak shutters are horizontal, and are taken down completely during the day.
The shop has a pent roof with a dormer window, clad with hollow tiles.
Building no. 2 – shop
At the south corner of Baščaršija square and Kazandžiluk street, at the very entrance to the street. The shop entrance is from Baščaršija square, from the west.
The entrance façade is entirely built of wood. The shop was rebuilt in the 1980s, and the shop windows have recently been replaced. When this was done the colour of the wooden shop windows was altered – the wood used of a lighter colour than all the other shops in the street, which are in darker shades of wood – and the wooden ćepenak shutters were removed entirely. The wooden shop windows project out from the wall face by about 40 cm.
The interior is raised on a stone plinth about 30 cm in height.
The shop has a complex roof, with two roof panes over the corner, clad with hollow tiles.
This shop stands out from the other shops in Kazandžiluk on account of the colour of the wooden shop window and the absence of the typical feature of the ćepenak shutters.
Building no. 3 – shop
At the north corner of Baščaršija square and Kazandžiluk street, at the very entrance to the street. The entrance to the shop is from the south, from Kazandžiluk street. The owner of the property is Jabučar Asim.
The entrance façade is entirely built of wood.
The last time the shop was restored was in the 1980s.
The interior is raised on a stone plinth about 20 cm in height.
The wooden ćepenak shutters are mounted vertically, and are folded into the corners of the building during the day.
The shop windows on the west and south façades of the building project out from the wall face by about 40 cm. Below is a slanting transition from the projecting shop window to the floor of the shop.
The shop roof has two roof panes over the corner, clad with hollow tiles, and topped by a chimney.
The shop contains a tourist information point.
Building no. 4 – shop
On Baščaršija square, north of building no. 3. The entrance to the shop is from Baščaršija square, from the west.
The entrance façade is entirely built of wood.
The interior is raised on a stone plinth about 30 cm in height.
The shop windows are level with the wall face, resting on the stone plinth. There are no ćepenak shutters.
The shop has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles.
The entrance façade is closed by wood-coloured steel bars.
Building no. 5(47) – shop
At no. 3 Kazandžiluk street, east of building no. 3. The owner of the property is Baščaušević Sakib.
The roof, the eaves and the position of the chimney of building no. 5 are treated as though it was one with building no. 6.
The entrance to the shop is from the south, from Kazandžiluk street.
Inside, the shop has a stone floor covered with a kilim.
The entrance façade is entirely built of wood. It consists of the entrance doorway and a shop window, which projects out from the wall face by about 40 cm. Below is a slanting transition from the projecting shop window to the floor of the shop.
The wooden ćepenak shutters are mounted horizontally and are removed completely and stored under the shop window during the day.
The shop has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles. On account of the depth of the shop and its pent roof, it has a single storey in Kazandžiluk street and two to the rear.
The roof is topped by a chimney where the roofs of shops 5 and 6 meet.
Building no. 6 – shop
At no.5 Kazandžiluk street, east of building no. 5. The owners of the property are Baščaušević Dževad and Zijad.
The shop forms a single building with building no. 5.
The entrance to the shop is from the south, from Kazandžiluk street.
Inside, the shop has a stone floor.
The south entrance façade is entirely built of wood. It consists of an entrance doorway and one shop window, which projects out from the wall face by about 40 cm. Below is a slanting transition from the projecting shop window to the floor of the shop.
The wooden ćepenak shutters are mounted horizontally and are removed completely and stored under the shop window during the day.
The shop has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles. On account of the depth of the shop and its pent roof, it has a single storey in Kazandžiluk street and two to the rear.
The roof is topped by a chimney where the roofs of shops 5 and 6 meet.
Building no. 7 – shop
At no.7 Kazandžiluk street, east of building no. 6. The owner of the property is Brkanić Admir.
The entrance to the shop is from the south, from Kazandžiluk street
The entrance façade is entirely built of wood.
The south entrance façade has an entrance doorway and two shop windows, narrower than the others in the street, which project out from the wall face by about 40 cm.
The wooden ćepenak shutters are mounted horizontally and are removed completely during the day.
The shop has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles. On account of the depth of the shop and its pent roof, it has a single storey in Kazandžiluk street and two to the rear.
Building no. 8 – shop
At no.9 Kazandžiluk street, east of building no. 7. The owner of the property is Mehmedagić A.
The entrance to the shop is from the south, from Kazandžiluk street
The south entrance façade is entirely built of wood, and has an entrance doorway and two shop windows, which project out from the wall face by about 30 cm.
The wooden ćepenak shutters are mounted horizontally and are removed completely and stored under the shop window during the day.
The shop has a gabled roof clad with flat tiles.
Building no. 9 – shop
At no.11 Kazandžiluk street, east of building no. 8. The owner of the property is Ahmetašević Lejla.
The entrance to the shop is from the south, from Kazandžiluk street
Inside, the shop has a stone floor.
The south entrance façade is entirely built of wood, and has an entrance doorway and two shop windows, one narrower than the other, which project out from the wall face by about 30 cm in the case of the narrower and 40 cm in the case of the wider. Below is a slanting transition from the projecting shop window to the floor of the shop.
The wooden ćepenak shutters are mounted vertically and are stored in the corners of the shop windows during the day
The shop has a gabled roof clad with hollow tiles.
Building no. 10 – shop
At no.13 Kazandžiluk street, east of building no. 9. The owner of the property is Aganović Edo.
The entrance to the shop is from the south, from Kazandžiluk street
Building no. 10 is in fact a storeroom, much larger than the other shops in the street, with walls built of durable materials, plastered and with a white-painted façade.
Inside, the shop has a stone floor.
The entrance façade has an entrance doorway and two windows, one on either side of the entrance. The door is of black steel, and both windows are also closed with shutters of black sheet steel. The windows are rectangular, and the doorway is shallow-arched.
The building has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles. On account of the depth of the shop and its pent roof, it has a single storey in Kazandžiluk street and two to the rear. There is a chimney in the middle of the roof.
Building no. 11 – shop
At no.15 Kazandžiluk street, east of building no. 10. The owner of the property is Brkanić Mirsad.
The roof, the eaves and the position of the chimney of building no.11 are treated as though it was one with building no. 12.
The entrance to the building is from Kazandžiluk street, from the south.
The entrance façade is of durable materials, plastered and painted white. It is fitted with a large wooden doorway within which is the entrance to the building and the shop window, which projects out from the wall face by about 30 cm.
The wooden ćepenak shutters are mounted horizontally and are removed completely and stored under the shop window during the day.
The shop has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles. On account of the depth of the shop and its pent roof, it has a single storey in Kazandžiluk street and two to the rear.
There are two chimneys on the roof at the junction of shops 11 and 12.
Building no. 12 – shop
At no.17 Kazandžiluk street, east of building no. 11. The shop is at the corner of Kazandžiluk street and the passageway leading to Mali Kazandžiluk.
It was built as a single building with building no. 11.
The entrance to the building is from Kazandžiluk street, from the south.
The entrance façade is of durable materials, plastered and painted white. It is fitted with a large wooden doorway within which is the entrance to the building and two shop windows. The right-hand shop window, as seen facing the building, projects out from the wall face by about 30 cm. The left-hand shop window is level with the street, and accentuated by a wooden sill projecting out from the wall face by about 15 cm.
The wooden ćepenak shutters are mounted horizontally and are removed completely during the day.
The east side of the shop was built of durable materials, plastered and painted white. The stone plinth, which is about 50 cm high, has been left exposed on the façade. The side wall of the loft has one small window.
The shop has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles. On account of the depth of the shop and its pent roof, it has a single storey in Kazandžiluk street and two to the rear.
There are two chimneys on the roof at the junction of shops 11 and 12.
Building no. 13 – shop
At no.19 Kazandžiluk street, east of building no. 12. The shop is at the corner of Kazandžiluk street and the passageway leading to Mali Kazandžiluk. The owner of the property is Varatanović Asim.
The entrance to the building is from Kazandžiluk street, from the south.
The front of the shop, which is of wood, consists of the south entrance front and part of the west side façade, with three shop windows, one on the side, and the entrance doorway. The right-hand shop window as seen facing the shop projects out from the wall face by about 30 cm. The left-hand shop window is level with the wall face and is accentuated by a wooden sill projecting from the wall face by about 15 cm. The shop window on the side wall is level with the wall face.
The wooden ćepenak shutters are mounted vertically and are stored in the corners of the shop windows during the day
The west side of the shop was built of durable materials, plastered and painted white. The stone plinth, which is about 50 cm high, has been left exposed on the façade.
Inside, the shop has a ceramic tiled floor.
The shop has a roof of two panes over the corner, clad with hollow tiles and topped with a chimney.
Building no. 14 – storeroom
At no. 21 Kazandžiluk street, east of building no. 13.
The owner of the property is Aganović Edin.
The entrance to the building is from Kazandžiluk street, from the south.
Building no. 14 was built as a storeroom, much larger than the other shops in the street, with walls built of durable materials, plastered and with a white-painted façade. The stone plinth, of about 50 cm in height, has been left exposed on the façade.
The entrance façade has an entrance doorway and two windows, one on either side of the entrance. The door is of black steel, and both windows are also closed with shutters of black sheet steel. The windows are rectangular, but the shutters are round-arched. The doorway is shallow-arched, accentuated by the stone lintel.
The building has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles, and a chimney on the roof.
Building no. 15 – storeroom
At no.23 Kazandžiluk street, east of building no. 14. The owner of the property is Kosarić R.
The entrance to the building is from Kazandžiluk street, from the south.
Like building no. 15, building no. 15 is a storeroom, and is about 1.5 m higher than the other buildings in the street, on account of the high loft above the ground floor.
The building has walls of durable materials, plastered and with a white-painted façade. The stone plinth, of about 50 cm in height, has been left exposed on the façade.
The entrance façade has a large rectangular wooden opening within which is the entrance doorway and the shop window, which is level with the wall and accentuated by a wooden sill projecting out from the wall face by about 15 cm. The wooden ćepenak shutters are mounted vertically and are stored in the corners of the shop windows during the day
The building has a pent roof with two dormer windows, and is clad with hollow tiles.
Building no. 16 – storeroom
At no. 25 Kazandžiluk street, east of building no. 15. The owner of the property is Kobiljak Rešad.
The entrance to the building is from Kazandžiluk street, from the south.
Like buildings no. 14 and 15, building no. 16 is a storeroom.
It is a single-storey building with walls built of durable materials and plastered. The façade is painted white. The stone plinth, with a height of about 50 cm, has been left exposed on the façade. Inside, the shop has a tiled floor.
The entrance façade has a large rectangular wooden opening within which is the entrance doorway and two shop windows flanking the entrance, level with the wall and accentuated by a wooden sill projecting out from the wall face by about 15 cm. The wooden ćepenak shutters are mounted vertically and are stored in the corners of the shop windows during the day
The building has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles. A chimney stands in the top right-hand corner of the roof.
Building no. 17
At no. 27 Kazandžiluk street, on the corner of Kazandžiluk street where it changes direction.
No 27 was probably built just after World War II, on the site of a shop or storeroom that had burned down. The design of the entrance façade, as well as the use of the shop, are a complete departure from the general streetscape.
It is a two-storey building with walls of durable materials that have then been rendered.
The ground floor houses two commercial premises, with flats above. The entrance to the flats is on the west side, at the corner of the street. One of the commercial premises is on the north side and the other on the west.
The north shop front reveals an attempt to fit into the ground-floor level of the street in the painting of the façade and the shapes of the openings. The entrance doorway is shallow-arched. To the right of the entrance, as seen facing the building, is a rectangular window. The entrance door is of solid black steel, and the windows are fitted with iron bars.
The west shop front is entire of timber, and consists of three equal parts: a central entrance doorway, and shop windows to right and left. Since the 1960s this shop has housed a Bosnian café named Index, which is now part of the history of the city of Sarajevo and all its students.
The first floor windows are rectangular.
The shop has a two-paned roof clad with flat tiles.
The condition of the roof and the use of the entrance door to the first floor to display articles for sale in the shop forming the west front suggest that the flats are not in use.
Building no. 18 – storeroom
At no. 29 Kazandžiluk street, south of building no. 17. The owner of the property is Hidić.
The entrance to the shop is from Kazandžiluk street, from the west.
Building no. 18 was built as a storeroom, and is much larger than the true shops in the street. It is a two-storey building with walls of durable materials.
The ground floor of the building is of cut stone and has been repointed with cement mortar; the stone is left exposed. The entrance doorway, with stone door jambs and a shallow-arched stone lintel, is in the middle of the façade. The entrance door is of solid black steel. To left and right of the entrance are small square windows with cut stone frames and iron grilles.
The first floor is plastered and painted white. It has two windows, one directly above the entrance doorway, and the other to the left as seen facing the building. The windows are square, with cut stone frames and iron grilles.
The building has a two-paned roof clad with hollow tiles, with a chimney in the right-hand corner and a roof window.
Building no. 19
On the corner of Bravadžiluk and Kazandžiluk streets, with the entrance from Kazandžiluk, from the east, at no. 28.
The owner of the property is Bejtić Muhamed. Since the 1970s, the building has housed a Bosnian café known as Behar (the change of use was approved by the Republic Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments).
The building consists of two parts. The corner section consists of a single storey, with the street fronts facing east and south entirely built of wood in the form of large windows. The entrance to this part of the building is on the south side, but is not in use. This part of the building has a two-paned roof clad with roofing felt, and is a later extension to the original building.
The original building has two storeys, with walls of durable materials, plastered and painted white. The east front is its only façade, facing the street.
The ground floor has the entrance doorway and three windows. The doorway is rectangular, with a wooden frame, as have the rectangular windows, which are fitted with iron bars and are of the kind known as “posmik surma,”, where the lower light is raised over the upper.
The first floor has three windows with wooden frames, also of the “posmik surma” type.(48)
The building has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles, with a chimney on the roof.
Building no. 20 – shop
At no. 26 Kazandžiluk street, north of building no. 19. The owner of the property is Babić.
The two-storey building has walls of durable materials, plastered and with a white-painted façade. The main east façade faces onto the street.
The ground floor has a large, rectangular, wooden-framed opening within which are the entrance doorway and two shop windows, one on either side of the entrance, level with the wall face.
The east façade of the first floor has three window openings with wooden frames, divided into two with two small square windows in each half. The west or rear façade has one window at first-floor level.
The building has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles.
Building no. 21 – shop
At no.24 Kazandžiluk street, north of building no. 20, on the corner where Kazandžiluk street changes direction. The owner of the property is Huseinović Fuad.
The single-storey building is entirely built of wood, with the façades in the form of shop windows. The ones on the east and north-east sides are level with the wall face and accentuated by a wooden sill projecting out from the wall face by about 15 cm. The two shop windows on the north front are to the right and left of the entrance and project out from the wall face by about 30 cm. The wooden ćepenak shutters are mounted vertically and are stored in the corners of the shop windows during the day.
The entrance to the building is on the north side.
The building has a three-paned roof clad with flat tiles.
The shop sells not only copper wares but also tourist souvenirs.
Building no. 22 – storeroom
At no. 22 Kazandžiluk street, west of building no. 21.
Building no. 22 was built as a storeroom, and is much larger than the true shops in the street. The single-storey building has walls of durable materials, plastered and with a white-painted façade. Inside, it has a tiled floor.
The entrance façade has two windows, one on each side of the doorway. The door is of black steel, and both windows are also fitted with shutters of black sheet steel. The window frames are rectangular, and the doorway is shallow-arched.
The building has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles. To allow light into the building, the roof is on two levels, with the wall face spanning the difference in height between the two fitted with windows.
Building no. 23 – shop
At no. 20 Kazandžiluk street, west of building no. 22.
Building no. 23 is divided by a wall into two. The eastern and larger part is vacant, and the entrance façade has been completely boarded up, with a wooden door in the middle, which is padlocked. The boarded-up front means the building is no longer readable, and also creates a break in the continuity of the streetscape.
The western part of the building is a shop, with the entrance front entirely of wood. It has an entrance doorway and one shop window, which projects out from the wall face by about 30 cm and is fitted with wooden ćepenak shutters. The shop is empty and closed.
The building has a pent roof, the eastern part of which has been clad with asbestos board. The western part of the roof is clad with hollow tiles, and has a dormer window.
Building no. 24 – shop
At no. 18 Kazandžiluk street, west of building no. 23. The owner of the property is Alagić Ismet.
The building has walls of durable materials, plastered and with a white-painted façade. The stone plinth, with a height of about 50 cm, has been left exposed on the façade.
The north entrance façade has a large wooden doorway with the entrance and a shop window, which projects out from the wall face by about 30 cm. Below is a slanting transition from the projecting shop window to the floor of the shop.
The wooden ćepenak shutters are mounted horizontally and are taken down completely during the day.
The shop has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles. On account of the depth of the shop and its pent roof, it has a single storey in Kazandžiluk street and two to the rear. The rear, south façade has two attic windows.
There is a chimney on the roof.
Building no. 25 – storeroom
At no.18 a Kazandžiluk street, west of building no. 18. The owner of the property is Brkanić Vedad.
The roof and eaves of building no. 25 and building no. 26 are treated as one.
Building no. 25 was built as a storeroom, with walls of durable materials that are then plastered. The façade is painted white. The stone plinth, with a height of about 50 cm, has been left exposed on the façade.
The north entrance front has a pointed-arched doorway fitted with black iron shutters.
The building has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles. On account of the depth of the shop and its pent roof, it has a single storey in Kazandžiluk street and two to the rear. A roof window has been installed in the roof pane.
Building no. 26 – storeroom
At no. 16 Kazandžiluk street, west of building no. 18a. The owner of the property is Huseinović Muhamed.
The building was built as one with building no. 25.
Building no. 26 was built as a storeroom, with walls of durable materials that are then plastered. The façade is painted white. The stone plinth, with a height of about 50 cm, has been left exposed on the façade.
The north entrance front has a shallow-arched doorway fitted with blue iron shutters.
The building has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles. On account of the depth of the building and its pent roof, it has a single storey in Kazandžiluk street and two to the rear. A roof window has been mounted in the roof pane.
Building no. 27 – shop
At no.14 Kazandžiluk street, west of building no. 26.
The roof and eaves of building no. 27 and building no. 28 are treated as one.
The entrance façade is entirely built of wood. The north entrance façade contains the entrance doorway and a shop window, which projects out from the wall face by about 30 cm.
The wooden ćepenak shutters are mounted horizontally and are taken down completely during the day.
The shop has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles.
Building no. 28 – shop
At no. 12 Kazandžiluk street, west of building no. 27. The owner of the property is M.B. Hidić.
The roof and eaves of building no. 28 and building no. 27 are treated as one.
The entrance façade is entirely built of wood. The north entrance façade contains the entrance doorway and a shop window, which projects out from the wall face by about 30 cm.
The wooden ćepenak shutters are mounted horizontally,
The shop has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles.
The shop is closed.
Building no. 29 – shop
At no 10. Kazandžiluk street, west of building no. 28.
The entrance façade is entirely built of wood.
The north entrance façade contains the entrance doorway and a shop window, which projects out from the wall face by about 30 cm. Below is a slanting transition from the projecting shop window to the floor of the shop.
The wooden ćepenak shutters are mounted horizontally and are taken down completely during the day.
The shop has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles.
Building no. 30 – shop
At no. 8 Kazandžiluk street, west of building no. 29.
The entrance façade is entirely built of wood.
The north entrance façade contains the entrance doorway and a shop window, which projects out from the wall face by about 30 cm. Below is a slanting transition from the projecting shop window to the floor of the shop.
The wooden ćepenak shutters are mounted horizontally.
The shop has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles.
The shop is closed.
Building no. 31 – shop
At no.6 Kazandžiluk street, west of building no. 30. The owner of the property is Ferhatović Adnan.
The entrance façade is entirely built of wood.
The north entrance façade contains the entrance doorway and two shop windows. The one to the left, as seen facing the entrance front, projects out from the wall face by about 30 cm. Below is a slanting transition from the projecting shop window to the floor of the shop. The wooden ćepenak shutters are mounted horizontally and are taken down completely during the day.
The right-hand shop window is level with the wall face, and is accentuated by a wooden sill projecting out from the wall face by about 40 cm. The wooden ćepenak shutters are mounted vertically and are stored in the corners of the shop windows during the day
The shop has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles, and a dormer window.
Building no. 32 – shop
In Kazandžiluk street, no number, west of building no. 31.
The roof and eaves of building no. 32 and building no. 33 are treated as one.
The entrance façade is entirely built of wood.
The north entrance façade contains the entrance doorway and two shop windows. The one to the left, as seen facing the entrance front, projects out from the wall face by about 30 cm. The wooden ćepenak shutters are mounted horizontally and are taken down completely during the day.
The right-hand shop window is level with the wall face, and is accentuated by a wooden sill projecting out from the wall face by about 40 cm. The wooden ćepenak shutters are mounted vertically and are stored in the corners of the shop windows during the day
Inside, the shop has a wooden floor.
The shop has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles, with a dormer window and a chimney.
Building no. 33 – shop
At no.4 Kazandžiluk street, west of building no. 32. The owner of the property is Huseinović Muhamed.
The roof and eaves of building no. 33 and building no. 32 are treated as one.
The entrance façade is entirely built of wood.
The north entrance façade contains the entrance doorway and two shop windows. The one to the right, as seen facing the entrance front, projects out from the wall face by about 30 cm. The left-hand shop window is level with the wall face, and is accentuated by a wooden sill projecting out from the wall face by about 40 cm. The wooden ćepenak shutters are mounted horizontally and are taken down completely during the day.
Inside, the shop has a wooden floor.
The shop has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles, and two dormer windows.
Building no. 34 – shop
At no. 2 Kazandžiluk street, west of building no. 33. The owner of the property is H. Nasir Jabučar.
The north entrance façade is entirely built of wood, and has an entrance and two shop windows to right and left of the doorway, which project out from the wall face by about 30 cm.
The wooden ćepenak shutters are mounted vertically and are stored in the corners of the shop windows during the day.
The shop has a two-paned roof clad with sheet metal, with two dormer windows.
Mali Kazandžiluk and Luledžina street
Mali Kazandžiluk and Luledžina street consist of a group of storerooms, most of them single-storey stone-built structures with iron doors and window shutters to secure them against fire. Wood was used only for the roof trusses.
In almost every case the threshold of the entrance doorway is raised above the level of the paved street. The windows are small.
The storerooms have steeply-pitched pent or two-paned roofs, usually clad with hollow tiles.
Shops have been built against the rear façades of the storerooms.
The street front of Luledžina street is in marked contrast to the street fronts of Kazandžiluk street. The simple, closed façades of the storerooms, built to protect the valuables of the artisans and traders of the čaršija, give Luledžina street a certain severity. The western part of the street widens, with the storerooms forming a small square, known as Mali Kazandžiluk. The square, which has a large tree in the middle, is right at the end of Kazandžiluk street, providing a sense of peace and a relaxing atmosphere in the coppersmiths’ quarter.
Building no. 35 – storeroom
At no. 1 Luledžina street, on the corner of Luledžina and Oprkanj (former Danila Ilića) streets.
The building, which is roughly square in plan, is a single-storey structure with walls of durable materials that have been rendered. The façade is painted white. The building stands on a slight slope to the south, as revealed by the levels of the street and the stone plinth.
The entrance is in the north façade, where there is a single window to the right of the entrance, as seen facing the building. The entrance is about 20 cm above street level. The bottom of the window is level with the middle of the entrance.
The west façade has an entrance doorway and two windows to the right of the entrance as seen facing the building. The entrance is about 40 cm above street level. The top of the window is level with the top of the entrance archway.
The entrance doorway is round-arched, with a stone threshold, door jambs and arched lintel. The windows are square, with stone frames and iron grilles.
The entrances to the storeroom have double-valved solid black iron doors decorated with iron studs and door knockers.
On account of its position on the street corner, the building has a three-paned roof, clad with hollow tiles.
The building is closed and in a state of neglect. The eaves are in poor condition.
Building no. 36 – storeroom
In Luledžina street, unnumbered, west of storeroom no. 35.
The building, which is rectangular in plan, is a single-storey structure with walls of durable materials that have been rendered. The façade is painted white.
The north street façade of the building has two entrances and two windows. The entrance doorway to the left, as seen facing the building, is at ground level, much lower than the right-hand doorway. The windows are to left and right of this door, with the top of the windows level with the top of the arch of the right-hand doorway, making them level with the top of the windows of storeroom no. 1.
The entrance doorways are round-arched, with a stone threshold, door jambs and arched lintel. The windows are square, with stone frames and iron grilles.
The entrances to the storeroom have double-valved solid black iron doors decorated with iron studs and door knockers.
The building has a two-paned roof clad with hollow tiles, fitted with roof windows.
The building is closed and in a state of neglect. Only part of the roof cladding has survived, and the roof timbers are in poor condition.
Building no. 37 – storeroom
In Luledžina street, unnumbered, west of storeroom no. 36.
The building, which is rectangular in plan, is a single-storey structure with walls of durable materials (stone plinth and unfired brick) that have been rendered. The façade is painted white.
The north street façade has two entrances and two windows. Inside, the building was divided by a wall into two.
The entrance door to the left, as seen facing the building, is at street level, much lower than the right-hand doorway. The windows are to left and right of this door, with the top of the windows level with the top of the arch of the right-hand doorway, making them level with the top of the windows of storerooms no. 35 and 36.
The entrance doorways are round-arched, with a stone threshold, door jambs and arched lintel. The windows are square, with stone frames and iron grilles.
The doorway to the right, as seen facing the building, has a single-valved solid black iron door. The left-hand doorway is boarded up.
The right-hand window, as seen facing the building, has solid black iron shutters.
The building has a two-paned roof clad with flat tiles, fitted with roof windows.
The building is closed and in a state of neglect. Only part of the roof cladding has survived, and the roof timbers are in very poor condition.
Building no. 38 – storeroom
In Luledžina street, unnumbered, west of storeroom no. 37.
The building, which is roughly square in plan, is a single-storey structure with walls of durable materials that have been rendered. The façade is painted white. The eaves are about 50 cm higher than those of storeroom no. 37.
The north street façade has an entrance doorway and a window. The doorway is about 10 cm above ground level. The top of the window, which is to the left as seen facing the building, is above the top of the entrance archway, level with the top of the windows of storerooms nos. 1, 2 and 3.
The entrance doorway is round-arched, with a stone threshold, door jambs and arched lintel. The windows are square, with stone frames and iron grilles. The double-valved door is of solid black iron, decorated with iron studs and door knockers. The window has shutters of solid black iron.
The west side of the storeroom has a single attic window, slanting at the top, with shutters of solid black iron.
The building has a two-paned roof clad with hollow tiles, and a dormer window.
The building houses a coppersmiths' shop, the Stari bazar gallery.
Building no. 39 – storeroom
In Luledžina street, unnumbered, west of storeroom no. 38, at the corner of Luledžina street and Mali Kazandžiluk.
This building probably housed the guild mekteb with storerooms that closed down in 1912. A photograph(49) reveals that it was a two-storey building, with a first-floor jutty resting on wooden struts. The ground floor consisted of the storerooms, with two entrances to the north and one to the west. The first-floor windows were fitted with grilles. There were stone steps in the eastern part of the building, but it is not possible to say whether they led to the first floor, since that part of the building does not show on the photograph.
According to an inscription on a plaque by the entrance, the poet Mehmedalija Mak Dizdar lived in this building from 1953 to 1962.
The building now has three storeys, with a high attic. The walls are of durable materials (stone for the ground floor, unfired brick for the first floor, and fired brick for the second floor and attic).
The ground floor is of hewn stone, left exposed on the façades. The original ground-floor openings have survived. The first floor has been radically altered. Judging from the design and the materials used, it was probably built after World War II. The second floor is the result of a recent extension.
The north façade of the building retains one original entrance and two windows. The second entrance, to the east, has been replaced by a large wooden doorway with a double-valved door and shop window. This forms the entrance to the upper storeys, which have been turned into suites.
The west façade retains the original entrance and window. The entrance is about 20 cm above ground level. The entrance doorway is round-arched, with a stone threshold, door jambs and arched lintel. The window is square, with a stone frame and iron grilles.
The single-valved door is of solid black iron, decorated with iron studs and door knockers.
The first-floor street façades have been rendered and painted grey. Both street façades have rectangular windows. The second-floor street façades have no windows, and the brick has been left exposed.
In terms of layout, both original entrances lead into the same space, now housing a gallery, the entrance to which is from Mali Kazandžiluk square, through the doorway in the west façade; the north entrance is not in use.
Inside the gallery, a wooden partition wall forms a storeroom. The ceiling joists are covered by wooden panelling.
The gallery also occupies the next-door storeroom. A round-arched doorway has been pierced in the south wall that separated the two buildings. Steps between the two compensate for difference in height between these two storerooms resulting from the sloping site. The ceiling joists of both storerooms rest on a beam supported by a central wooden post.
The gallery has a stone floor.
The building has a two-paned roof.
The absence of a façade at first- and second-floor level of this building, together with its height, make it the tallest building in the entire townscape of the coppersmiths’ quarter.
Building no. 40 – storeroom
In Mali Kazandžiluk, unnumbered, south of storeroom no.39.
The building, which is roughly square in plan, is a single-storey structure with walls of durable materials that have been rendered.
The west street façade has an entrance doorway and a window. The entrance is about 20 cm above ground level. The window is to the right of the entrance as seen facing the building.
The entrance doorway is round-arched, with a stone threshold, door jambs and arched lintel. The window is also round-arched, with stone frames and iron grilles.
The single-valved door is of solid black iron, decorated with iron studs.
The building has a two-paned roof clad with hollow tiles.
Inside, the storeroom interconnects with storeroom no 5, and houses a gallery.
Building no. 40(50) – storeroom
In Mali Kazandžiluk, unnumbered, south of storeroom no.39, in the passageway leading to Kazandžiluk street.(51)
The building, which is roughly square in plan, is a two-storey structure with walls of durable materials that have been rendered. The shape of the doorways and windows suggests that it was renovated after World War II.
The ground floor of the west street façade has two entrance doorways and two windows. Both entrances are about 20 cm above ground level. The windows are to the right and left of the entrances. The entrance doorways are round-arched. The windows are rectangular, and noticeably larger than the windows of the other storerooms. The doors and the window shutters are of solid black iron.
The first floor has three rectangular windows, two with a single solid black iron shutter.
The building has a pent roof with a chimney.
The ground floor houses a fishing tackle shop and the kitchen of one of the nearby restaurants.
Building no. 41 – storeroom
In Mali Kazandžiluk, with the address no. 6 Luledžina street. The building is west of storeroom no. 40, in the passageway leading to Kazandžiluk street.(52)
The building, which is rectangular in plan, is a single-storey structure with a high loft, i.e. a storeroom with a room above. It has walls of durable materials that have been rendered. The stone plinth, which is about 70 cm high, has been left exposed on the façade.
The ground floor has an entrance in the north façade and two windows in the east façade. The entrance is about 20 cm above ground level. The entrance doorway is round-arched, with a stone threshold, door jambs and arched lintel, and has a single-valved solid black iron door. The windows are rectangular, with stone frames and iron grilles.
The attic storey has two windows in the east façade, smaller than the ground-floor windows. On the south façade is a row of windows just below the roof.
A narrow interior staircase leads to the first floor.
The building has a pent roof.
The building houses the Halvat café.
Building no. 42 – storeroom
In Mali Kazandžiluk, west of storeroom no. 41.
The building, which is rectangular in plan, is an unusually high single-storey structure with walls of durable materials. The lower part of the ground floor, up to the top of the entrance, is faced with ashlar stone; above, it is plastered and painted white.
The north street façade has an entrance doorway flanked by a window on either side. The entrance is about 15 cm above ground level. The entrance doorway is round-arched, and fitted with a single-valved door of solid black iron, which does not match the shape of the doorway, as it is not semicircular at the top. The windows are rectangular, and fitted with iron grilles.
On the south façade is a row of windows just below the roof.
The building has a pent roof clad with flat galvanized iron.
The building is not in use. All the openings have been boarded up on the inside.
Building no. 43 – storeroom
In Mali Kazandžiluk, west of storeroom no. 42, at the south-west corner of the square formed by the storerooms.
The building, which is rectangular in plan, is a single-storey structure with walls of durable materials that have been rendered and painted.
The north street façade has an entrance doorway and a window to the right of the doorway. The entrance doorway is round-arched, with a stone threshold, door jambs and arched lintel, and has a single-valved door of solid black iron. The windows are rectangular, with stone frames and solid black iron shutters.
The building has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles.
The building is not in use.
Building no. 44 – storeroom
In Mali Kazandžiluk, west of storeroom no. 43, at the south-west corner of the square formed by the storerooms.
In the design of the roof, storerooms no. 44 and no. 45 form a single building.
The building, which is rectangular in plan, is a single-storey structure with walls of hewn stone left exposed on the façade.
The east street façade has an entrance doorway and a window to the left of the entrance. The entrance is about 20 cm above ground level. The entrance doorway is round-arched, with a stone threshold, door jambs and arched lintel, and has a double-valved door of solid black iron decorated with studs. The window is rectangular, and fitted with an iron grille.
The building has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles.
The building houses the kitchen of one of the nearby restaurants.
Buildings facing onto Baščaršija square abut onto the west façade of the building.
Building no. 45 – storeroom
In Mali Kazandžiluk, north of storeroom no. 44.
In the design of the roof, storerooms no. 44 and no. 45 are one.
The building, which is rectangular in plan, is a single-storey structure with walls of hewn stone, left exposed on the façades.
The east street façade has an entrance doorway and a window to the left of the entrance. The entrance is about 15 cm above ground level. The entrance doorway is round-arched, with a stone threshold, door jambs and arched lintel, and has a single-valved door of solid black iron. The window is square, with a stone frame and iron grille.
The building has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles.
The building is not in use. Buildings facing onto Baščaršija square abut onto the west façade of the building.
Building no. 46 – storeroom
In Mali Kazandžiluk, north of storeroom no. 46, at the corner of the square and Luledžina street.
The building, which is rectangular in plan, is a single-storey structure with walls of hewn stone left exposed on the façade.
The east street façade has an entrance doorway and two windows, one on each side of the doorway. The entrance is about 15 cm above ground level. The entrance doorway is round-arched, with a stone threshold, door jambs and arched lintel, and has a single-valved solid black iron door decorated with studs and door knockers. The windows are square, with stone frames and iron grilles.
The building has a two-paned roof clad with hollow tiles.
The building is not in use. Buildings facing onto Baščaršija square abut onto the west façade of the building.
Building no. 47
North of storeroom no. 46 in Luledžina street, where it enters the square.
The building is a two-storey structure with walls of durable materials that have been rendered and painted white. It was restored after World War II, retaining the original ground-floor entrance to the storeroom. The first floor is a jutty.
The south street façade has two entrance doorways, about 15 cm above ground level. One entrance is rectangular; the other, the original entrance to the storeroom, is round-arched, with a stone threshold, door jambs and arched lintel. It has a single-valved solid black iron door.
The first floor has windows [number not specified – Trans.]
The building has a complex two-paned corner roof clad with flat galvanized iron.
The building is used for residential purposes.
Building no. 48 – shop
In Luledžina street, east of building no.47.
The building was built as a shop. Rectangular in plan, it is a single-storey building with an attic. Apart from the stone plinth, the entire entrance façade is of wood.
The south street façade has an entrance doorway with a shop window to the right, level with the wall face. The wooden ćepenak shutters are mounted horizontally.
The building has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles, with a dormer window the full width of the building.
The building is not in use.
Buildings no. 49 and no. 50
In Luledžina street, east of building no.148.
The design of the roof suggests that buildings 49 and 50 were built as a single property.
Recent interventions have interconnected the two buildings, by pulling down the wall separating them. The entrance façade has been radically altered, with large wooden portals, the one for building 49 (the building to the west) forming the entrance to the new property, and the one for building 50 (the building to the east) forming a window.
The building has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles, with a dormer window the full width of the building.
The building houses the Dibek café.
Building no. 51
In Luledžina street, east of building no. 50.
The building, which is rectangular in plan, is a single-storey structure with walls of durable materials that have been rendered and painted white.
The design of the entrance façade suggests that it was probably used as a shop.
The south street façade has an entrance doorway and a shop window to the right of the entrance. The entrance doorway is arched, and fitted with a single-valved solid black iron door. The shop window is in the form of a large window, level with the wall face and accentuated by a wooden sill projecting out from the wall face by about 15 cm. It is fitted with horizontally-mounted wooden ćepenak shutters.
The building has a pent roof.
The building is not in use.
Building no. 52 – storeroom
In Luledžina street, east of building no. 51.
The building, which is rectangular in plan, is a single-storey structure with walls of hewn stone left exposed on the façade.
The south street façade has an entrance doorway and two windows. The entrance is about 20 cm above ground level. The entrance doorway is round-arched, with a stone threshold, door jambs and arched lintel, and is fitted with a single-valved solid black iron door. The windows are square, with stone frames and iron grilles.
The building has a pent roof.
The building is closed and in a state of neglect. The roof timbers are in poor condition.
Building no. 53 – storeroom
In Luledžina street, east of building no.52.
The building, which is rectangular in plan, is a single-storey structure with walls of durable materials that have been rendered and painted white.
The south street façade has an entrance doorway and two windows, one on each side of the doorway. All the openings are rectangular. The door is of solid black iron, as are the window shutters, and all are decorated with studs.
The building has a pent roof.
The building is closed and in a state of neglect.
Building no. 54 – storeroom
In Luledžina street, east of building no.53.
The building, which is rectangular in plan, is a single-storey structure with walls of durable materials that have been rendered and painted white. The stone plinth, about 60 cm in height, has been left exposed on the façade.
The south street façade has an entrance doorway and a window to the left of the entrance. The entrance doorway is round-arched, with a stone threshold, door jambs and arched lintel, and fitted with a solid black iron single-valved door decorated with studs. The window is square, with a stone frame and iron grilles, and single solid iron shutter.
The building has a pent roof.
The building has recently been restored, and houses a hairdressers' and barbers' salon.
Building no. 55
At the corner of Luledžina and Oprkanj streets, east of building no.54.
The storeroom was demolished a few years ago. The site is now used as a car park.
Building no. 56 – storeroom
In Oprkanj street, north of building no. 55.
The building, which is rectangular in plan, is a single-storey structure with walls of durable materials that have been rendered and painted white. The entrance façade has been faced with “crazy paving” stone.
The east street façade has a doorway and a window to the left of the entrance. The entrance doorway is round-arched and has a double-valved solid iron door decorated with studs and door knockers. The window is square, noticeably larger than the other windows in the street, and has a stone frame and iron grilles.
The building has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles.
The building is not in use.
Building no. 57 – storeroom
in Oprkanj Street, north of building no. 56.
The building, which is rectangular in plan, is a single-storey structure with walls of durable materials that have been rendered and painted white.
The east street façade has a doorway and a window to the left of the entrance. The entrance doorway is round-arched and has a single-valved solid iron door decorated with studs and door knockers. The window is square, noticeably larger than the other windows in the street, and has a stone frame and iron grille.
The building has a pent roof clad with hollow tiles.
The building houses a café.
3. Legal status to date
Kazandžiluk, Mali Kazandžiluk and Luledžijina streets in Sarajevo were placed under state protection by ruling of the Institute for the Protection of Monuments of NR BiH, Sarajevo, nos. 647/50 and 762/57, dated 6 February 1950 and 8 April 1957.
By ruling of the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of NR BiH, Sarajevo, no. 02-611-3 dated 18 April 1962, the monument was entered in the Register of Immovable Cultural Monuments.
By rulings of the City Institute for the Protection and Refurbishment of Cultural Monuments in Sarajevo, no. 114/67 and no. 113 67, dated 7 April 1967, Kazandžiluk and Luledžina streets, as an organic component of the old Sarajevo čaršija, were given the status of a cultural monument.
The 1980 Regional Plan for BiH listed the urban townscape of Sarajevo (the outer zone from Marijin Dvor to the east including the surrounding slopes, and the inner zone of Baščaršija) as a Category 0 monument.
The urban townscape of Sarajevo is on the Provisional list of National Monuments of BiH under serial no. 546.
4. Research and conservation and restoration works
One of the greatest threats to the Čaršija was fire, which often swept through the quarter causing serious damage. “Reliable sources reveal more than twenty major fires in our city between 1480 and 1879. There would certainly have been more than this, though either no record of them survives, or I have not found any.” (53)
“In the event of fire the trader or artisan would save the diagonal crossbar of his shop and take it to the city authorities for safe keeping. It would be measured and its size would form the basis for a permit to build a new shop.”(54)
The worst fire in Sarajevo was on the occasion of the incursion by Prince Eugene of Savoy in 1697. Almost the entire city was looted and damaged, and much of it was reduced to ashes. In 1724, fire broke out in a coppersmith's workshop, spreading to the neighbouring shops and streets and burning down the whole of Kazandžiluk, Atari, Sarači to the Bey's mosque and Abadžiluk as far as the Tabački masjid. In May 1731, after a fire broke out in a tufekčijska's shop, Kazandžiluk and the Bojadžijska čaršija again burned down.(55)
One of the last fires to sweep through Kazandžiluk was at the close of the day on 25 May 1852. As Alija Bejtić recounts, following this fire a special commission of experts was set up to determine the cause. The commission found that the principal cause of the fire was the wide projecting eaves of the shops and the canvas that stretched between them. The result of the findings and resolution of the commission was to ban the use of canvas to cover the streets in the čaršija, to remove the beds and to reduce the shop eaves to the necessary minimum. Muhendis [engineer] Ešref effendi, “an engineer who had come from outside or was already working in Sarajevo as city architect,” was engaged to implement the resolution, “and measured the area with [his] instruments and drew up a regulatory plan for the Čaršija following the fire. The basic feature of this first engineer's plan for the čaršija was that the designer's proposal came down to no more than widening the streets and the works associated with the widening.”(56) At that time the area beneath the wide eaves of the shops consisted partly of the pavement and partly of an extension to the shop. The eaves were reduced in width by an arshin [ell], as now seen on the older shops. The beds were removed altogether.
These interventions by engineer Ešref ef. constituted the first major works on the fabric of the čaršija by a trained civil engineer. “He was both professionally trained in European technology and also the first town planning practitioner to address the problem of the čaršija.” (57)
A fire that broke out in 1879 and the need to rebuild numerous properties, including 434 shops, prompted the drafting of the next known regulatory plan for the area of the Čaršija that had burned down. Known as the Regulirungs-Plan für den Wiederaufbau des abgebrannten Stadttheiles von Sarajevo, it was signed on 10 November 1879, three months after the fire, and was based largely on widening the existing streets and building new ones.(58)
Fires were not the only hazard; major damage was also caused to the Čaršija by flooding. One of the floods that damaged several shops in Kazandžiluk was recorded in Bašeskija's chronicle for the year 1767.(59)
After World War II, the greatest threat to the Čaršija was the destruction of its structure. Under the pretext that the shops were of no historical or cultural value, City Hall lost no time, in June 1945, in beginning to demolish entire areas of the Čaršija. This came to an end only in 1950. By the time certain individuals (Dr. Vlado Jokanović and Prof. Hamdijz Kreševljaković) and the National Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments and Natural Rarities had managed to demonstrate the values of the Čaršija and put a stop to the demolitions, 246 shops had been pulled down. The Kazandžiluk streetscape was not affected by the destruction of the structure of the Čaršija.(60)
As all this shows, the urban morphology and architecture of the Sarajevo Čaršija have undergone many changes over the centuries. Most of these changes represent a loss of the original fabric of the Čaršija, but also attest to its nature as a living organism altering along with the city and its residents over the centuries.
Despite all the changes to the fabric of the Čaršija, the streetscape of the coppersmiths’ quarter is one of its best preserved streetscapes, as regards both its urban morphology and the architecture of its buildings. Evidence of this is also to be seen in the planned interventions to the Kazandžijska čaršija provided for by the 1975 Regulatory Plan and the insistence that existing buildings be restored and that no other interventions be made to its structure.
“Over time, as a result of changing circumstances, the ensemble of the Čaršija has been altered in part by new building styles, but to a much greater extent by deterioration and dilapidation. There was also a new awareness of the specific features of the ensemble as well as, on the other hand, of new ways of life, and the question was raised year after year what to do with the Čaršija: whether to demolish it, to keep it as it was, or to intervene in some other way. As time passed, the awareness of the manifold values of the Čaršija ensemble for the future of the city became ever more pronounced, and there were no more suggestions that it should be demolished; the question was now how to preserve it for the future and to what use it should be put.
In the late 1960s the questions and dilemmas over the future of the Čaršija were addressed by drafting and adopting a programme for its refurbishment entitled Stara Sarajevska čaršija jučer, danas i sutra, Osnove i smjernice za regeneraciju (The Old Sarajevo Čaršija Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow: Bases and Guidelines for Regeneration), of which the author was Alija Bejtić BSc Arch. The programme was adopted by the Sarajevo City Council at a joint session held on 3 November 1970 by special decision as the basis for drawing up a regulatory plan for the Čaršija, and the proposals of the study were applied in their entirety when the regulatory plan was drawn up.”(61)
In 1975 a Regulatory Plan was adopted for the repair, conservation, restoration and revitalization of the Sarajevo čaršija.(62) This has not been followed in the case of all interventions in the townscape.
The regulatory plan prescribed all the interventions to be carried out, both recommended and essential, on the various buildings and on the ensemble of the Sarajevo čaršija as a whole, as well as the approach to the restoration and refurbishment of the čaršija. The plan stipulated that the Čaršija be treated as an entity in which the cultural and historical heritage should be highlighted in its entire originality. This entailed the regeneration of its urbanistic and architectural values in line with agreed principles.(63) The statement of principles for the restoration and refurbishment of the Čaršija noted that the period to be the point of reference for the restoration and refurbishment of the ensemble was to be the condition of the Čaršija at the end of the Ottoman period, in 1878.(64) The principle of strict, expert restoration of the outward appearance of the buildings (shops) and names was applied to Kazandžiluk and Luledžina streets as well as elsewhere.
“The module for the architectural agglomeration of the Čaršija is the shop with a daylight height of up to 280 cm and a maximum width of 3.50 m, which is the principle by which restoration should be carried out. In principle, the street front of the shop is fitted with ćepenak shutters. On this side, too, a coffered glazed partition is to be introduced as protection against cold and the elements. The building materials are to be the classical stone, wood, wrought iron and glass. Unfired bricks are to be replaced by fired bricks or similar and rendered. The roof cladding shall be hollow tiles. Fireproof walls reaching to the loft space shall be introduced between the shops.”(65)
The regulatory plan defined all interventions, both urgent and to be carried out in the future, on Kazandžiluk, Mali Kazandžiluk and Luledžina streets as well as elsewhere. The plan made no provision for buildings to be demolished in Kazandžiluk, Mali Kazandžiluk and Luledžina streets. The streetscape of the coppersmiths’ quarter, consisting of these streets, was to be restored. Kazandžiluk street was to retain its original use in full, as attractive crafts and small-scale retail trade, while catering, tourism and hotel facilities were to be introduced in Mali Kazandžiluk and Luledžina streets.
The streetscape of Kazandžiluk, Male Daire and Luledžina Streets suffered minor damage during the 1992-1995 war.
Damage caused to the townscape since 1995 has taken the shape of illicit interventions, without building permits or approval from the heritage protection authority, on the properties in these streets and those in their immediate vicinity. The buildings are also at risk from lack of maintenance, inexpert interventions by the owners, or their use for inappropriate purposes.
In 2004, with a view to controlling these recent changes and reaffirming the area, and as a result of the demands of modern life-styles and changes to restoration and conservation practice and philosophy, work began on amending the Regulatory Plan was adopted for the repair, conservation, restoration and revitalization of the Sarajevo čaršija. The amendments have yet to be adopted, and the 1975 Regulatory Plan remains in force.
5. Current condition of the property
The streetscape of Kazandžiluk, Male Daire and Luledžina Streets is in relatively good condition. There is damage to some of the properties, and some have been altered, but they are not yet such as to impair the image of the townscape as a whole.
Changes to the properties mainly take the form of erecting canvas awnings on almost every building. On one building (no. 4), where air conditioning has been installed, the a/c unit has been mounted on the street front. In some of the shops, typical tourist souvenirs are on sale as well as copper wares.
Most of the roofs of the shops in Kazandžiluk leak and the roof cladding is damaged. Some roofs have been completely reclad in flat tiles or sheet metal. The roof timbers of several buildings are also damaged.
Works carried out on adjacent buildings without permission also pose a threat to the buildings in Kazandžiluk street, by altering their scale in the townscape. An example of such works is the addition of an extra storey in Bravadžiluk street, which has blocked off the façade of a building in Kazandžiluk street (no. 28 Kazandžiluk street).
Vacating buildings and closing or boarding them up results in their slow but sure deterioration and to breaks in the continuity of the street front (building at no. 20 Kazandžiluk street).
Most of the buildings in Mali Kazandžiluk and Luledžina streets are empty and closed. The most extreme consequence of this is the demolition of the building at the corner of Luledžina and Oprkanj streets, which has spoiled the appearance of the streetscape. In addition, alterations to the façades of two buildings in Luledžina street have made it impossible to read the original use of the buildings.
The most obtrusive example of an inexpert enlargement of a building is that of a storeroom in Luledžina street, which jeopardizes not only the value of the building itself but also the proportions of the entire street. This building is not only of streetscape but also of considerable historic value as the building that once housed the guild mekteb and was for a while lived in by the poet Mehmedalija Mak Dizdar.
The streetscape of Kazandžiluk, Male Daire and Luledžina Streets is also at risk from the gradual decline of the coppersmiths' craft.
Despite all the changes to the townscape described above, Kazandžiluk, Male Daire and Luledžina Streets as they now stand attest to their centuries' old existence.
Interventions to the buildings (with the exception of the two extensions described above) are carried out using traditional materials and respecting traditional architectural forms. The use of the properties is fully in accordance with the uses prescribed by the 1975 Regulatory Plan for the Sarajevo Čaršija.
All the buildings in Kazandžiluk street are used exclusively for the manufacture and sale of artisanal products.
The buildings in Mali Kazandžiluk and Luledžina streets are mainly used for catering purposes. Copper wares are sold in one building, and a barber's shop has opened in another. The ground floor of the mekteb has been laid out as a gallery, and the rest into suite-style accommodation. The new uses have not resulted in any changes to the appearance or readability of the original architecture of the buildings in these two streets, with the exception of two where the entrance façades have been altered and extensions have been unprofessionally added, as described above.
6. Specific risks
- the coppersmiths' craft dying out,
- buildings falling into ruin from lack of maintenance and structural deterioration,
- introduction of incongruous elements.
III – CONCLUSION
Applying the Criteria for the adoption of a decision on proclaiming an item of property a national monument (Official Gazette of BiH nos. 33/02 and 15/03), the Commission has enacted the Decision cited above.
The Decision was based on the following criteria:
A. Time frame
B. Historical value
C. Artistic and aesthetic value
C.iii. proportions
C.iv. composition
C.v. value of details
D. Clarity
D.ii. evidence of historical change
D.iv. evidence of a particular type, style or regional manner
D.v. evidence of a typical way of life at a specific period
E. Symbolic value
E.ii. traditional value
E.v. significance for the identity of a group of people
F. Townscape/landscape value
F.i. relation to other elements of the site
F.ii. meaning in the townscape
F.iii. the building or group of buildings is part of a group or site
G. Authenticity
G.iii. use and function
G.iv. tradition and techniques
G.v. location and setting
I. Completeness
I.iii. completeness
The following documents form an integral part of this Decision:
- Copy of cadastral plan;
- Copy of Land Register entry;
- Ruling of the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of NR BiH Sarajevo, no. 02-611-3 dated 8 April 1962;
- Drawing – site plan;
- Photodocumentation – photographs taken while preparing the Decision (December 2007 and April 2009).
Bibliography
During the procedure to designate the streetscape of Kazandžiluk, Male Daire and Luledžina Streets as a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina the following works were consulted:
1927 Kreševljaković, Hamdija. Sarajevska čaršija, njeni esnafi i obrti za Osmanlijske uprave (The Sarajevo čaršija and its guilds and crafts for the Ottoman Authorities), offprint from Narodne starine. Zagreb, 1927.
1952 Šabanović, H. Dvije najstarije vakufname u Bosni, Prilozi za orijentalnu filologiju, II (The Two Oldest Vakufnamas in Bosnia, Contributions to Oriental Philology). Sarajevo, 1952.
1957 Grabrijan, Dušan and Neidhardt, Juraj. Arhitektura Bosne i put u savremeno (Architecture of Bosnia and the Way towards Modernity). Ljubljana, 1957.
1958 Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Esnafi i obrti u starom Sarajevu (Guilds and Crafts in Old Sarajevo). Sarajevo: Narodna prosvjeta, 1958.
1969 Bejtić, Alija. Stara Sarajevska čaršija jučer, danas i sutra, Osnove i smjernice za regeneraciju (The Old Sarajevo Čaršija, Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow: Bases and Guidelines for Regeneration). Sarajevo: City Institute for the Protection and Refurbishment of Cultural Monuments, 1969.
1973 Bejtić, Alija. Ulice i trgovi Sarajeva – topografija, geneza i toponimija (Streets and Squares of Sarajevo – Topography, Origins and Toponyms). Sarajevo: Museum of Sarajevo, 1973.
1991 Kreševljaković, Hamdija. Esnafi i obrti u Bosni i Hercegovini (1463 – 1878) (Guilds and Crafts in Bosnia and Herzegovina [1463-1878]), Selected Works II. Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša, 1991.
1997 Zlatar, Behija. Zlatni period Sarajeva (Sarajevo's Golden Age), Prilozi historiji Sarajeva (Contributions to the History of Sarajevo), proceedings of the symposium Half a Millennium of Sarajevo, eds. Esad Duraković, Lejla Gazić, Dževad Juzubašić, Vera Kac, Ibrahim Karabegović, Fehim Nametak, Boris Nilević, Muhidin Pelesić, Behija Zlatar. Sarajevo: Institute of History, Oriental Institute, 1997.
1997 Kurto, Nedžad. Sarajevo 1462-1992. Sarajevo: GIK OKO, 1997.
(1) At that time it was one of the largest cities in the Balkans and without doubt the largest and most important in the Bosnian sanjak, later eyalet. Zlatar, Behija, Zlatni period Sarajeva, Prilozi historiji Sarajeva – proceedings of the symposium Half a Millennium of Sarajevo, eds. Esad Duraković, Lejla Gazić, Dževad Juzubašić, Vera Kac, Ibrahim Karabegović, Fehim Nametak, Boris Nilević, Muhidin Pelesić, Behija Zlatar, Sarajevo: Institute of History, Oriental Institute, 1997, 54.
(2) Šabanović, H, Dvije najstarije vakufname u Bosni, Prilozi za orijentalnu filologiju, II, Sarajevo 1952.
(3) The court was close to the Konak, the last residence of the viziers of Bosnia. The entire quarter was formerly called Begluk or Zabegluk, after the Beyluk-saray (governor’s residence).
(4) Zlatar, Behija, Zlatni period Sarajeva, Prilozi historiji Sarajeva – proceedings of the symposium Half a Millennium of Sarajevo, eds. Esad Duraković, Lejla Gazić, Dževad Juzubašić, Vera Kac, Ibrahim Karabegović, Fehim Nametak, Boris Nilević, Muhidin Pelesić, Behija Zlatar, Sarajevo: Institute of History, Oriental Institute, 1997, 54. Zlatar continues: “This suggests that the court had already been built. The appearance of the court of Bosnia's early governors is known only from contemporary accounts by travel chroniclers and emissaries from Dubrovnik who, armed with letters of credentials and documents by which the sultan had granted privileges, came to pay court to the pasha, bringing various gifts.”
(5) Another factor in Sarajevo's urban development was the favourable political situation in the Ottoman Empire, which had pushed its borders further north, contributing to the general stability in the interior and creating the conditions for the more rapid development of urban settlements. The fact that by the early 17th century almost the entire area of urban Sarajevo as it was until the Austro-Hungarian occupation had already been developed is evidence that Sarajevo developed in particular during the 16th century.
(6) Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Esnafi i obrti u starom Sarajevu, Sarajevo: Narodna prosvjeta, 1958, 11.
(7) Kurto, Nedžad, Sarajevo 1462-1992, 23
(8) Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Selected Works II, Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša, 1991, 10-11. [Translator's note: the names of the streets in square brackets are translator's additions; those in round brackets are the author's. I have thought it worth giving a translation or explanation of each craft to give an idea of the range of crafts in Sarajevo at that time.]
(9) The topographical organization of crafts and trades by type or guild has its roots in the Byzantine and later in the oriental Turkish system. Bejtić, Alija, Stara Sarajevska čaršija jučer, danas i sutra, Osnove i smjernice za regeneraciju, Sarajevo: City Institute for the Protection and Refurbishment of Cultural Monuments, 1969, 23.
(10) All the tradesmen or artisans engaged in the same trade or craft constituted a guild. There were guilds comprising different but similar trades, such as the coppersmiths' guild, which also included tinsmiths. Trades and guilds came in with the Ottomans, along with the names esnaf (guild), zanat (trade), zanatilja (artisan) and so on. The words esnaf and zanat derive from the Arabic sunufun [from the triliteral root s-n-f, to sort, classify, categorize: Trans.]. meaning class, type, order, or more loosely organization, and sana-t [root s-n-', to do, produce, manufacture etc.] meaning occupation [the Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic also gives the meanings “workmanship, manufacture, fabrication, art, technical skill, artistic skill,work, workmanship, craft, trade,vocation” etc.] Every guild had its own board, and was an entirely independent, autonomous body, separate from every other guild, but all had the same constitution which, despite being unwritten, was a good deal more precise than many written constitutions. It set out in detail the business of the guild and the relationship between one guild and another, as well as the the relationship between the guilds and the authorities. Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Esnafi i obrti u starom Sarajevu, Sarajevo: Narodna prosvjeta, 1958, 47. and Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Sarajevska čaršijam njeni esnafi i obrti za Osmanlijske uprave, offprint from Narodne starine, Zagreb, 1927, 12.
(11) Bejtić, Alija, Stara Sarajevska čaršija jučer, danas i sutra, Osnove i smjernice za regeneraciju, Sarajevo: City Institute for the Protection and Refurbishment of Cultural Monuments, 1969, 23.
(12) Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Esnafi i obrti u starom Sarajevu, Sarajevo: Narodna prosvjeta, 1958, 65
(13) Bejtić, Alija, Stara Sarajevska čaršija jučer, danas i sutra, Osnove i smjernice za regeneraciju, Sarajevo: City Institute for the Protection and Refurbishment of Cultural Monuments, 1969, 31
(14) Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Esnafi i obrti u starom Sarajevu, Sarajevo: Narodna prosvjeta, 1958, 79.
(15) Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Esnafi i obrti u Bosni i Hercegovini (1463 – 1878) // Selected Works II, Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša, 1991, 41.
(16) Their products as a whole can be classed according to their purpose into the following 13 groups [names given in the singular form for ease of reference by non-BCS speakers: Trans.]:
1) kazan [a cauldron or large two-handled copper vessel] and haranija [a copper vessel, smaller than a kazan];
2) kitchen wares: various sizes and types of tendžera [deep, handle-less copper vessel], tava [frying-pan], tavica and kuplidže (for steaming food), tepsija [generic name for bread pan or pie dish], beakers, sahan [plate or dish], lenđer and meteriz for serving food, đevđir (for preparing vegetables and cleaning grains);
3) various water jugs and containers: đugum [wide-necked jug with no handle], ibrik [ewer], susak [long-handled dipper], surahija [a vessel with a conical base, pot-bellied body and narrow neck flaring slightly at the top], beakers, safa and deba [round vessels with a lid], tas [dish, plate, bowl], kevčija [large, long-handled soup ladle];
4) coffee services: coffee jugs, džezva [narrow-necked, long-handled coffee pot], zarf [decorative metal cup into which the handleless coffee-cup known as fildžan is placed], tabla [tray], coffee and sugar containers, saksija or mangala [brazier];
5) religious artefacts: censers and buhurdar [burner for ambergris and elecampane, đulbedan [rose-water containers], candleholders, chalices, platters etc.;
6) symbols of honour or distinction: orbs on a pavilion or ceiling (đulpet);
7) pešnjak and susak: pešnjak for heating water and a susak or dipper;
8) various types of copper cauldron for laundry, leđen [basin] and tekne [washtub] for rinsing, etc.;
9) shaving accoutrements: leđen, tas and sitilj [round copper vessel with a spigot at the bottom];
10) bathroom wares: various basins;
11) lighting: candlesticks and the lanterns known as mušemalija;
12) articles for distilling: imbek and brandy stills. The former is used for extracting essential oils from medicinal plants;
13) sickroom accoutrements: spittoon, ewer, wash-basin.
Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Esnafi i obrti u Bosni i Hercegovini (1463 – 1878), Selected Works II, Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša, 1991, 41.
(17) Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Esnafi i obrti u starom Sarajevu, Sarajevo. Narodna prosvjeta, 1958, 104.
(18) Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Esnafi i obrti u starom Sarajevu, Sarajevo: Narodna prosvjeta, 1958, 95-96.
(19) Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Esnafi i obrti u starom Sarajevu, Sarajevo: Narodna prosvjeta, 1958, 94.
(20) Persian = secretary, commissioner, supervisor, steward, master of a guild. Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Esnafi i obrti u starom Sarajevu, Sarajevo: Narodna prosvjeta, 1958, 243.
(21) Turkish = military commander, assistant to the ćehaja in a guild who carries out the ćehaja’s orders. Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Esnafi i obrti u starom Sarajevu, Sarajevo: Narodna prosvjeta, 1958, 242.
(22) Speaking of the coppersmiths' trade and its artisans, Kreševljaković also notes: “Among the coppersmiths too there were people who gained prominence through their activities outside the guild. In 1561 kazandžija Hajji-Alija built a mosque and mekteb in Širokača. The mekteb was destroyed by fire in 1697, but the mosque and the surrounding mahala are still known by the name Hajji-Alija Gazganija (kazandžija). In the mid 18th century the mosque in Baščaršija underwent extensive repairs and was reclad in lead by kazandžija Hajji-Šaban, forebear of today's Hadžišabanović family. Somewhat before 1774, one Hajji-Muharem, kazandžija of the Shaikh Muslihudin mahala, endowed the sum of 400 groschen and stipulated that the return on the capital should be used to help support some mosques in Sarajevo. Kazandžija and hasećija Hadži Osman Hadžimuharemović, of Mišćina mahala, repaired six storerooms and the mekteb and two rooms over them in Oprkanj, ordering that the income from them be used to pay the mualim [teacher] in the mekteb, the mutevelija and supervisor, to which effect he wrote a deed of endowment at the beginning of Jumada I, 1197 (c. 4 April 1783). Previously, Šac.m.’s vakuf had been there, but had been destroyed in a fire. The mekteb for which this vakuf was established was attended only by the apprentices to various trades. The mekteb continued in operation until 1912... There were also learned men among the kazandžijas, of whom Ahmed son of Alija (Ahmed bin Ali el Gazgani el-Bosnevi es-Saraji) is known to me; in 1148 (1735) he transcribed Bajzava's commentary in calligraphy and adorned it with a splendid unvan [heading]... Ibrahim effendi Ramić, a contemporary and fellow guild member of this Ahmed, was a noted theologian, who died in 1782 in his ninetieth year.” Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Esnafi i obrti u starom Sarajevu, Sarajevo: Narodna prosvjeta, 1958, 102-103.
(23) An esnaf tefter is a book or record including a list of the entire guild. Kalfas and master-craftsmen would be entered in the tefter, followed by apprentices, new kalfas and new master-craftsmen. The tefter also included the names of the master-craftsmen's sons and grandsons. The tefter was written immediately after the ceremony of kušanma. Kušanma derives from the Turkish word kušanmak and means to gird or girdle. During the kušanma the apprentice would have a peštemalj (apron) tied around his waist. It was always associated with a major excursion (teferič) by a particular trade. The kušanma was held when an apprentice was promoted to a kalfa or a kalfa to a master-craftsman (names of the stages of the craftsman). Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Sarajevska čaršija, njeni esnafi i obrti za Osmanlijske uprave, offprint from Narodne starine, Zagreb, 1927, 15-16.
(24) Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Esnafi i obrti u starom Sarajevu, Sarajevo: Narodna prosvjeta, 1958, 74.
(25) Translator’s note: the word “storeroom” is used here in the now rare meaning (except in a military context) of “a place where goods are kept in store; a storehouse for goods or merchandise; a warehouse or depot” (Oxford English Dictionary). The reason for retaining this old-fashioned word is that none of the alternatives seems adequately to convey the distinctive nature of these buildings, which are described in section 2.
(26) Bejtić, Alija, Ulice i trgovi Sarajeva – topografija, geneza i toponimija, Sarajevo: Muzej grada Sarajeva, 1973, 210-211.
(27) Bejtić, Alija, Ulice i trgovi Sarajeva – topografija, geneza i toponimija, Sarajevo: Muzej grada Sarajeva, 1973, 235-236.
(28) Bejtić, Alija, Ulice i trgovi Sarajeva – topografija, geneza i toponimija, Sarajevo: Muzej grada Sarajeva, 1973, 136.
(29) Grabrijan, Dušan i Neidhardt, Juraj, Arhitektura Bosne i put u savremeno, 110.
(30) This number includes not only all the shops in Kazandžiluk street but also three facing onto Baščaršija square which are also occupied by coppersmiths or which sell their wares.
(31) Bejtić, Alija, Stara Sarajevska čaršija jučer, danas i sutra, Osnove i smjernice za regeneraciju, Sarajevo: City Institute for the Protection and Refurbishment of Cultural Monuments, 1969, 65
(32) These principles and guidelines are set out in Bejtić, Alija, Stara Sarajevska čaršija jučer, danas i sutra, Osnove i smjernice za regeneraciju, Sarajevo: City Institute for the Protection and Refurbishment of Cultural Monuments, 1969, 126-131.
(33) Though not quoted in full here, one of the most detailed descriptions of the shops other than those given by Kreševljaković and Neither is that given by Alija Bejtić in Bejtić, Alija, Stara Sarajevska čaršija jučer, danas i sutra, Osnove i smjernice za regeneraciju, Sarajevo: City Institute for the Protection and Refurbishment of Cultural Monuments, 1969, 42-51.
(34) A dulger or dunđer could turn his hand to anything, and was capable of building a small Bosnian house from foundations to roof ridge. There was an entire guild known as the nedžar's guild, which embraced several of the building trades: stonemasons, general builder-handymen, carpenters and joiners, timber merchants. Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Esnafi i obrti u Bosni i Hercegovini (1463 – 1878) // Selected Works II, Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša, 1991, 72.
(35) Bejtić, Alija, Stara Sarajevska čaršija jučer, danas i sutra, Osnove i smjernice za regeneraciju, Sarajevo: City Institute for the Protection and Refurbishment of Cultural Monuments, 1969, 42.
(36) The word ćepenak or ćefenak is a Turkish loan word, from the Turkish keen. It denotes a wooden shutter over a window or door, but its use to denote window shutters has long since fallen out of use, and it now means the wooden shutters of a shop. Bejtić, Alija, Stara Sarajevska čaršija jučer, danas i sutra, Osnove i smjernice za regeneraciju, Sarajevo: City Institute for the Protection and Refurbishment of Cultural Monuments, 1969, 44.
(37) Grabrijan, Dušan and Neidhardt, Juraj, Arhitektura Bosne i put u savremeno, 67.
(38) Ardija (Turkish loan-word) = a small back room behind the part of the shop were goods were sold. Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Esnafi i obrti u starom Sarajevu, Sarajevo: Narodna prosvjeta, 1958, 241.
(39) Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Esnafi i obrti u Bosni i Hercegovini (1463 – 1878) // Selected Works II, Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša, 1991, 13.
(40) Bejtić, Alija, Stara Sarajevska čaršija jučer, danas i sutra, Osnove i smjernice za regeneraciju, Sarajevo: City Institute for the Protection and Refurbishment of Cultural Monuments, 1969, 43.
(41) Grabrijan, Dušan and Neidhardt, Juraj, Arhitektura Bosne i put u savremeno, 67.
(42) The loft space results from the difference in height between the street and rear façades of the shop. As Alija Bejtić describes them, the shops in the Sarajevo čaršija had a storeroom at the rear, and many also had another storey reached from inside the storeroom by lightweight wooden steps. This was not merely a handy place to store wares, but also, given the constant threat of fire, a fireproof storeroom. Bejtić, Alija, Stara Sarajevska čaršija jučer, danas i sutra, Osnove i smjernice za regeneraciju, Sarajevo: City Institute for the Protection and Refurbishment of Cultural Monuments, 1969, 47.
(43) In some shops the stone floor is covered with kilims or mušema [waxed cloth], and in others it has been replaced by floorboards or ceramic tiles.
(44) “The feature of these glazed shop windows and the associated need for the customer to go straight into the shop introduced another novelty, the doorway, at the end or sometimes in the middle of the shop front. In the case of central doorways, there would be a pair of ćepenak shutters, one on each side of the door. Other shopkeepers and even merchants later introduced this kind of shop with a doorway, since it made it possible to enter the shop, when necessary, even without completely raising the ćepenak, a process that was neither quick nor all that simple. Shop doorways were a regular feature in the case of other artisans too; for instance, they were mandatory for coppersmiths and blacksmiths who also needed the space to transport larger articles. In both cases the doorway was at street level in the middle of the shop, and was known by the special name of jorum.” Bejtić, Alija, Stara Sarajevska čaršija jučer, danas i sutra, Osnove i smjernice za regeneraciju, Sarajevo: City Institute for the Protection and Refurbishment of Cultural Monuments, 1969, 46.
(45) “Leaving aside tiles and sheet metal as incontestably new materials, other shops retained their roof cladding of old hollow tiles, which is still regarded as having been the rule here. To the contrary, even before the introduction of tiles and sheet metal, there was great diversity here, consisting of not only hollow tiles but also roofs clad with deal shingles and of hewn and planed beech slats or boards. This kind of cladding was retained on some buildings in the Čaršija (both shops and houses) well into the Austro-Hungarian period, and is thus to be seen on the few contemporary photographs of various areas in or panoramas of the Čaršija.” Bejtić, Alija, Stara Sarajevska čaršija jučer, danas i sutra, Osnove i smjernice za regeneraciju, Sarajevo: City Institute for the Protection and Refurbishment of Cultural Monuments, 1969, 50.
(46) “Though it may now seem as though all the shops in the Sarajevo čaršija were identical, and hence uniform, it was not really so in the trajectory of development and architectural units; rather, there was a degree of diversity, of controlled freedom and flexibility, to be encountered in the architecture and layout of the Čaršija as a whole. This diversity of the shops in the Čaršija was reflected, if one follows the trajectory of development, in the way the street front was closed by the use of the popular ćefenak shutters and fixed walls with doors and windows, the time during which the entire shop front was open to the street, and the combination of shops in the narrower sense of the word and additional premises in the form of handy stone storerooms and artisans’ chambers, and, finally, in the interior itself.” Bejtić, Alija, Stara Sarajevska čaršija jučer, danas i sutra, Osnove i smjernice za regeneraciju, Sarajevo: City Institute for the Protection and Refurbishment of Cultural Monuments, 1969, 44.
(47) Shops 5 and 6 share one roof. Building no. 7 was probably also under the same roof, but its roof has been raised by about 15 cm above the roof of shops 5 and 6.
(48) There were also three first-floor windows on the west front, which were walled up during interventions on the adjoining building, carried out without permission.
(49) Photograph published in Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Sarajevska čaršijam njeni esnafi i obrti za Osmanlijske uprave, offprint from Narodne starine, Zagreb, 1927, 25.
(50) Translator’s note: from here on, numbered as in original, i.e. with no. 40 repeated twice.
(51) Building no. 13 in Kazandžiluk street abuts onto the south wall of the storeroom.
(52) Building no. 12 in Kazandžiluk street abuts onto the south wall of the storeroom.
(53) Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Esnafi i obrti u starom Sarajevu, Sarajevo: Narodna prosvjeta, 1958, 34.
(54) Grabrijan, Dušan and Neidhardt, Juraj, Arhitektura Bosne i put u savremeno, 67
(55) Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Esnafi i obrti u starom Sarajevu, Sarajevo: Narodna prosvjeta, 1958, 36.
(56) Bejtić, Alija, Stara Sarajevska čaršija jučer, danas i sutra, Osnove i smjernice za regeneraciju, Sarajevo: City Institute for the Protection and Refurbishment of Cultural Monuments, 1969, 59, and Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Esnafi i obrti u starom Sarajevu, Sarajevo: Narodna prosvjeta, 1958, 37
(57) Bejtić, Alija, Stara Sarajevska čaršija jučer, danas i sutra, Osnove i smjernice za regeneraciju, Sarajevo: City Institute for the Protection and Refurbishment of Cultural Monuments, 1969, 58
(58) Bejtić, Alija, Stara Sarajevska čaršija jučer, danas i sutra, Osnove i smjernice za regeneraciju, Sarajevo: City Institute for the Protection and Refurbishment of Cultural Monuments, 1969, 60
(59) Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Esnafi i obrti u starom Sarajevu, Sarajevo: Narodna prosvjeta, 1958, 39.
(60) Bejtić, Alija, Stara Sarajevska čaršija jučer, danas i sutra, Osnove i smjernice za regeneraciju, Sarajevo: City Institute for the Protection and Refurbishment of Cultural Monuments, 1969, 61
(61) Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of BiH, Architects’ studio, Sarajevo, various authors: Regulatory Plan for the Repair, Conservation, Restoration and Revitalization of the Sarajevo Čaršija, abridged version, Sarajevo City Council, 1975, 9.
(62) The decision to adopt the Regulatory Plan for Baščaršija was adopted by Sarajevo City Council at a session of the Socio-Political Council and a session of the Council of Local Wards on 30 December 1975.
(63) The principles established by the Regulatory Plan are:
- to retain, repair and refurbish existing architectural buildings and urbanistic elements of individual or townscape significance as monuments,
- to restore historic properties, forms and spaces that have vanished the restoration of which would enhance the architectural or townscape significance of the Čaršija as a townscape,
- to clear and remove, in principle, every later addition that is not in organically or artistically associated with the townscape,
- wherever historic documentation is absent and conceptual combination (imagination) comes into the frame, there is no further point to restoration,
- new buildings may be introduced in the Čaršija, subject to their conforming to the architectural and urbanistic principles of the townscape, if the content of these new buildings is required by life that will be reflected in the life of the Čaršija itself,
- state of the art sanitation may be introduced in the Čaršija provided that this is done in such a way that it will not impair the exterior of the buildings in any essential way. Op.cit., 10
(64) The explanation of the basic propositions of the plan in regard to time and space included the observation that “With the intention of providing as specific, scientifically documented a response as possible to the question of spatial and temporal relations, this was preceded by an overview of the historic condition of the čaršija in about 1878. This time frame was dictated by the fact that it is a time in the historical development of this urban entity that can be relatively well documented on the basis of early geodetic plans, photographs, drawings and descriptions, while on the other hand, prior to that date, despite fires and other disasters, the dismantling of the čaršija had not yet been affected by the socio-economic postulates that were soon to become a marked presence in the restructuring of feudal social structures to capitalist ones.” Op.cit., 13
(65) Op.cit., 10
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