Status of monument -> National monument
Pursuant to Article V para. 4 Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Article 39 para. 1 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, at a session held from 12 to 18 May 2009 the Commission adopted a
D E C I S I O N
I
The historic site of the Kaurlaš necropolis at Zagrlje, Municipality Novi Travnik, is hereby designated as a National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: the National Monument).
The National Monument consists of a necropolis with 45 stećak tombstones, eight cruciform tombstones and one nišan.
The National Monument is located on a site designated as cadastral plot no. 1165 (new survey), title deed no. 51, cadastral municipality Zagrlje, corresponding to c.p. 2093 (old survey), Land Register entry no. 11, c.m. Opara, Municipality Novi Travnik, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The provisions relating to protection measures set forth by the Law on the Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, established pursuant to Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of the Federation of BiH nos. 2/02, 27/02, 6/04 and 51/07) shall apply to the National Monument.
II
The Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: the Government of the Federation) shall be responsible for ensuring and providing the legal, scientific, technical, administrative and financial measures necessary for the protection, conservation and presentation of the National Monument.
The Commission to Preserve National Monuments (hereinafter: the Commission) shall determine the technical requirements and secure the funds for preparing and setting up signboards with basic details of the monument and the Decision to proclaim the property a National Monument.
III
To ensure the on-going protection of the National Monument on the area defined in Clause 1 para. 3 of this Decision, the following measures are hereby stipulated:
- all works are prohibited other than research and conservation and restoration works, including those designed to display the monument, with the approval of the Federal Ministry responsible for regional planning and under the expert supervision of the heritage protection authority of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The Government of the Federation is required in particular to ensure that the following measures are carried out:
- conducting a geodetic and general survey of the site;
- drawing up and implementing a project for the repair, restoration and conservation of the National Monument.
The repair, restoration and conservation project should include:
- archaeological investigations;
- cleaning the stećak tombstones to remove lichen and moss and making good any damage;
- tidying the necropolis and removing self-sown vegetation;
- drawing up and implementing a programme for the long-term sustainable management and presentation of the National Monument.
IV
All movable artefacts found during the course of the archaeological survey shall be deposited in the nearest museum able to provide the necessary personnel, material and technical conditions or in the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo, processed, and suitably presented.
The removal of the movable artefacts referred to in para. 1 above from Bosnia and Herzegovina is prohibited.
By way of exception to the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Clause, if the leader of the investigations determines that a given archaeological artefact must be processed abroad, and provides evidence to that effect to the Commission, the Commission may permit the temporary removal of the artefact from the country subject to detailed conditions for its export, treatment while out of the country and return to Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Upon receipt of a report on the investigations conducted, the Commission shall identify which movable artefacts shall be subject to protection measures to be determined by the Commission.
In granting permission for the temporary removal of the movable heritage, the Commission shall stipulate all the conditions under which the removal from Bosnia and Herzegovina may take place, the date by which the items shall be returned to the country, and the responsibility of individual authorities and institutions for ensuring that these conditions are met, and shall notify the Government of the Federation, the relevant security service, the customs authority of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the general public accordingly.
V
All executive and area development planning acts are hereby revoked to the extent that they are not in accordance with the provisions of this Decision.
VI
Everyone, and in particular the competent authorities of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Canton, and urban and municipal authorities, shall refrain from any action that might damage the National Monument or jeopardize the preservation thereof.
VII
The Government of the Federation, the Federal Ministry responsible for regional planning, the Federation heritage protection authority, and the Municipal Authorities in charge of urban planning and land registry affairs, shall be notified of this Decision in order to carry out the measures stipulated in Articles II to V of this Decision, and the Authorized Municipal Court shall be notified for the purposes of registration in the Land Register.
VIII
The elucidation and accompanying documentation form an integral part of this Decision, which may be viewed by interested parties on the premises or by accessing the website of the Commission (http://www.kons.gov.ba)
IX
Pursuant to Art. V para 4 Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, decisions of the Commission are final.
X
This Decision shall enter into force on the day following its publication in the Official Gazette of BiH.
This Decision has been adopted by the following members of the Commission: Zeynep Ahunbay, Martin Cherry, Amra Hadžimuhamedović, Dubravko Lovrenović and Ljiljana Ševo.
No: 05.1-2-40/2009-26
13 May 2009
Sarajevo
Chair of the Commission
Amra Hadžimuhamedović
E l u c i d a t i o n
I – INTRODUCTION
Pursuant to Article 2, paragraph 1 of the Law on the Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, established pursuant to Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a “National Monument” is an item of public property proclaimed by the Commission to Preserve National Monuments to be a National Monument pursuant to Articles V and VI of Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and property entered on the Provisional List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of BiH no. 33/02) until the Commission reaches a final decision on its status, as to which there is no time limit and regardless of whether a petition for the property in question has been submitted or not.
On 25 July 2008 Preporod, the Bosniac Cultural Association, Novi Travnik branch, submitted a proposal/petition to designate the historic site of the Kaurlaš necropolis with stećak tombstones, Municipality Novi Travnik, as a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Pursuant to the provisions of the law, the Commission proceeded to carry out the procedure for reaching a final decision to designate the Property as a National Monument, pursuant to Article V of Annex 8 and Article 35 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments.
Statement of significance
The Kaurlaš necropolis with stećci stands by the Novi Travnik to Gornji Vakuf road. Precise information concerning the necropolis is lacking, and there is conflicting information about the number of stećci, which could be rectified by the proposed protection measures and designation as a national monument. Six of the cruciform tombstones known as krstača have been recorded, of a particular form found around Travnik and Zenica; these have no analogy in the areas where stećci are found. They constitute original forms that are barely cruciform in shape, their main feature consisting of an upper head-like part and two protuberances to the side, which may be likened to shoulders.
The dating of the cruciform tombstones is a matter of speculation. The transition from the slab to the cross probably took place in the first half of the 17th century Tombstones in the shape of a cross but lacking the head date from the latter half of the 17th century, while those with a head date from the 18th; the latest in date have a rounded head. In the latter half of the century, tombstones already cruciform in shape but with the head not yet formed appear; those with the fully formed head would belong to the 18th century, with those of which the head is rounded probably the most recent in date. Nor is it possible to determine with any accuracy the temporal relationship between the crosses with a rounded head and those that are purely cruciform. What is significant is that stećak, cruciform and nišan tombstones are all found here on the same site.
II – PROCEDURE PRIOR TO DECISION
In the procedure preceding the adoption of a final decision to proclaim the property a national monument, the following documentation was inspected:
- Documentation on the location and current owner and user of the property (copy of cadastral plan and copy of land registry entry),
- Data on the current condition and use of the property, including a description and photographs, data of war damage, data on restoration or other works on the property, etc.,
- Historical, architectural and other documentary material on the property, as set out in the bibliography forming part of this Decision,
- Letter ref. 05.1-35.23/09-28 of 8 April 2009 requesting documentation and views on the designation of the necropolis with stećak, cruciform and nišan tombstones at Kaurlaš in Zagrlje, Municipality Travnik, as a national monument of BiH, sent to the Institute for the Protection of Monuments of the Federal Ministry of Culture and Sport.
The findings based on the review of the above documentation and the condition of the site are as follows:
1. Details of the property
Location
The Kaurlaš necropolis with stećci is in the lower part of the village of Monjići, just beside the Novi Travnik to Gornji Vakuf road(1).
The National Monument is located on a site designated as cadastral plot no. 1165 (new survey), title deed no. 51, cadastral municipality Zagrlje, corresponding to c.p. 2093 (old survey), Land Register entry no. 11, c.m. Opara, Municipality Novi Travnik, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Historical information
By the mid 10th century, when the “land of Bosna” first appears in recorded history, its territory already consisted of seven župas [counties]: Vrhbosna, Vidogošća (Vogošća), Lepenica, Bosna (a separately constituted area around Visoko), Trstivnica, Brod (around Zenica) and Lašva(2). The mediaeval county of Lašva consisted of the present-day municipalities of Busovača, Vitez, Novi Travnik and Travnik. It was ruled by the bans [governors] of Bosnia, and later, from 1377, by the kings of Bosnia. Lašva was one of the largest and most fertile župas of inner Bosnia. It was probably quite densely populated, its people mainly working the land. More than fifty stećak necropolises dating from the 14th and 15th centuries have been recorded in the area(3), along with the mediaeval towns of Toričan, Travnik, Bosnić or Škaf and Vrbenac grad(4).(5)
Despite its size and importance, there are few historical documents relating to the mediaeval county of Lašva. The earliest reference is in a charter issued by King Bela IV in 1244, which has not been proven to be genuine, in which a place “by three churches” is referred to as a holding of the Bosnian bishopric(6).
In 1373 ban Tvrtko gifted the village of Čukle to Stjepan Rajković(7).
In 1380 King Tvrtko I promoted Hrvoje Vukčić to grand duke and gifted him two villages in Lašva, Trbeuša and Bila, which probably formed part of the Crown Lands (Anđelić, 1972, 292).
In the late 14th century, tepčija Batalo Šantić possessed some properties around Turbe, in Lašva county. He appears as a witness to charters issued by Bosnian rulers, from Dabiša to Ostoja, at the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries.
In the final years of the 14th century, from 15 April 1392, when he first features as a witness to charters issued by the kings of Bosnia, to 9 December 1400, the date of the last reliable news of him, Batalo Šantić was a high-ranking official of the court and was highly regarded in the Bosnian Kingdom. The earliest details about him are to be found in a deed of gift issued by King Dabiša to vojvoda Hrvoje Vukčić in Kraljeva Sutjeska on 15 April 1392. From then on Batalo features in every royal charter until December 1400(8).
In February 1366, the nobility, led by Tvrtko’s brother Vuk, rose up openly against Ban Tvrtko, who fled with his mother, for their own safety, to the court of the king of Hungary, with whose help he regained control of part of his lands in March that year. Tvrtko attempted to win the nobles back by issuing deeds of gift. He managed to regain control of the Lower Marches, Rama and Usora, and won the backing of Sanko Miltenović in Herzegovina. The rebellion split the nobility into two camps, one following knez Vuk, and the other remaining loyal to Ban Tvrtko. After Tvrtko’s successful campaign against his brother Vuk and his followers among the nobility, those who remained true to the Ban secured powerful positions for themselves and their heirs, while those who had opted for Vuk lost their former influence. The Šantić family of Lašva seem to have belonged to the former group, to judge from the fact that a document issued by Tvrtko in 1366 includes the first known Šantić, one Dragoš, among the witnesses. The fact that the heirs of the nobility featuring in this document were very influential in the Bosnian state in the late 14th and 15th century, and that Batalo Šantić features among them as a person of power, provides further evidence in favour of this view.
The prestige of the nobility rose sharply during the reign of Queen Jelena, under whom the most powerful members of the Bosnian nobility, vojvoda Hrvoje Vukčić, knez Pavle Radinović, vojvoda Sandalj Hranić and tepčija Batalo Šantić, clearly stand out(9).
In the summer of 1415, a battle took place between the Hungarian and Ottoman armies in the Lašva area where Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić held some properties; the Hungarians were defeated(10).
A document in the Dubrovnik archives dated 8 February 1421 refers to the castellan of Turica fort in Lašva. It is not known where this was.
Radoslav Umiljenović, a merchant from Dubrovnik, was robbed on 16 July 1455 in the Lašva area(11).
The village of Monjici
The village of Monjići is about 15 kilometres from Novi Travnik. It is mentioned in Turkish defters(12) of 1568 and 1605 in the context of Zagrlje, which included a number of other villages in addition to Monjići(13). The old caravan route from Opara to Gornji Vakuf passed below the village, along the lower part of Monjić, past the necropolis.
A census conducted in 1879 showed that Monjići consisted of just five houses with a total population of 52, of whom 43 were Muslims and nine Orthodox; in the 1910 census, it is listed as having seven houses with a population of 67, all Muslim(14).
2. Description of the property
The stećci of central Bosnia are the most numerous and striking cultural monuments of mediaeval Bosnia, present everywhere, but in relatively greatest numbers around Ilijaš, Visoko, Kiseljak, Travnik and Gornji Vakuf.
The Kaurlaš necropolis consists of 70 visible stećci and eight cruciform tombstones, known as krstača, four of which have fallen over.
Stećak no. 1, measuring 225x130x45cm, covered with moss and lichen, structure of the stone breaking up;
Stećak no. 2, measuring 200x70x20 cm, structure of the stone breaking up, was covered with earth and grass (not visible until cleared);
Stećak no. 3, chest with plinth, chest measuring 153x77x34 cm, depth of plinth 37 cm, height 18 cm, leaning off true, sinking;
Stećak no. 4, chest with plinth, chest measuring 145x92x32, plinth height 30 cm, depth 20 cm, overall length 168 cm;
Stećak no. 5, slightly gabled, measuring 105x73x44cm, plinth height 26 cm, depth 17 cm, surviving length 117 cm. The stećak is badly damaged, with the upper part (gabled section) cracked and fallen;
Stećak no. 6, measuring 137x113x48 cm, structure of the stone breaking up (lichen and moss);
Stećak no. 7, measuring140x63x23 cm, structure of the stone breaking up (lichen and moss);
Stećak no. 8, gabled with plinth. Gabled tombstone measuring 147x80x20 cm, plinth height 20 cm, depth 21 cm, length 175 cm, structure of the stone breaking up (lichen and moss);
Stećak no. 9, chest with plinth. Chest measuring 166x104x53 cm, plinth height 42 cm, depth 35 cm, length 205 cm; the stećak is deeply undercut on the west side;(15)
Stećak no. 10, measuring183x110x20 cm, barely noticeable prior to clearing;
Stećak no. 11, measuring 180x92x23 cm, covered with moss and lichen;
Stećak no. 12, measuring178x110x70 cm, covered with moss and lichen;
Stećak no. 13, chest with plinth, chest measuring 182x97x40 cm, plinth height 36 cm, depth 29, length 230 cm, covered with moss and lichen;
Stećak no. 14, covered with moss and lichen;
Stećak no. 15, measuring 180x170x40 cm, covered with moss and lichen;
Stećak no. 16, fallen gabled tombstone, measuring 160x65x66 cm, covered with lichen;
Stećak no. 17, visible measurements 142x97x23 cm, covered with lichen;
Stećak no. 18, visible measurements146x80 cm;
Stećak no. 19, fallen gabled tombstone(?), gabled section measuring 90x45 (width at base) x74 cm., plinth height 42 cm, depth 27 cm, visible length 107 cm, the tombstone is covered with moss and lichen, damaged (split) and slipping (located at the entry to the necropolis, on the north side, on a slight elevation right by the local road; there may be another slab stećak (?)) beneath it.
Nišan, measuring 55 (visible height) x 20 (width) x31 cm (greatest thickness), without epitaph, overgrown with grass, sunken;
Krstača no. 1, measuring 75 cm wide at the “shoulders,” head 22 cm thick, height 94 cm, with the top part in the form of a human head and short, symmetrical protuberances in place of the cross bars; decorated with a relief cross above which is a crescent moon; overgrown with grass and covered with moss, sinking;
Krstača no. 2, measuring 108 x 43 x 170 cm (height with the top part in the form of a human head and short, symmetrical, triangular protuberances in place of the cross bars; decorated with a stylized cross in the form of a man, well preserved, and a small circle or orb on the side protuberances; above the cross is a larger circle in relief with below it a crescent moon along the full length of the head of the krstača;
Krstača no. 3, arms 80 cm long, head 25 cm thick, height 232 cm, with the top part in the form of a human head and short, symmetrical, triangular protuberances in place of the cross bars. The krstača is in poor condition, with lichen and moss damaging the structure of the stone; it is leaning and sinking;
Krstača no. 4, arms 75 cm long, head 20 cm thick, height 201 cm, with the top part in the form of a human head and short, symmetrical, barely indicated protuberances in place of the cross bars; decorated with a barely visible cross (on the back, facing north); lichen and moss are damaging the structure of the stone;
Krstača no. 5, arms 106 cm wide, head 31 cm thick, height 265 cm, with the top part in the form of a human head and short, symmetrical, barely indicated protuberances in place of the cross bars. Decorated with a cross in relief with a crescent moon above. The tombstone has fallen over;
Krstača no. 6, arms 86 cm wide, head 32 cm thick, height 133 cm, with the top part in the form of a human head and symmetrical, pronounced protuberances. Decorated with a cross in relief with a crescent moon above. The structure of the stone is quite badly damaged by moss and lichen, and the tombstone is sinking;
Krstača no. 7, arms 86 cm wide, head 32 cm thick, height 133 cm, with the top part in the form of a human head and short, symmetrical, barely indicated protuberances in place of the cross bars. The tombstone has fallen over (probably onto its “face” – the decorated surface) and was invisible prior to clearing the site.
Krstača no. 8, height 188 cm, slight protuberances (width 73 cm), head 30 cm thick, top part of the cross shaped to resemble a human head and symmetrical, barely indicated short protuberances in place of cross arms. The tombstone has fallen over (probably onto its “face” – the decorated surface), and was invisible prior to clearing the site.
These tombstones constitute a distinctive form of krstača that is barely cruciform in shape, of the kind found in the Travnik and Zenica area, with no analogy in other areas where there are necropolises with stećak tombstones. They are original forms of barely developed krstača tombstones(16).
Fully cruciform tombstones are of more recent date, not mediaeval in origin.
However similar cruciform tombstones may appear, it is still possible to observe some stages in their evolution(17).(18) Their principal feature is the upper part, consisting of the head and the protuberances to the side intended to represent the cross bars of the cross, which in this case may be likened to shoulders. The head is not always the same, showing differences in type of the kind that can only come about through evolution over a lengthy period. The shoulders are not so relevant for typing purposes, but their number and other features should not be overlooked. In the early stages of the development of the krstača there were no shoulders, nor was there the division of the tombstone into an upper and a lower part, from which the head of the cross would later evolve. The entire tombstone rather resembles an ovoid slab with the wider end at the top. Later, the head was formed by a neck-like narrowing above the shoulders. In the final stage in the evolution of the krstača, the rounded shape of the head is clearly differentiated, in which the number and treatment of the shoulders play an important part.
The mediaeval tombstones of Bosnia and Hum known as stećci became the subject of scholarly interest in not entirely favourable circumstances, hundreds of years after they had become a relic of a historic age. At the turn of the 18th-19th century, the western world began to hear of the unusual art to be found on tombstones in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Dalmatia, initially from the accounts of travellers that were not well documented enough to give rise to any significant interest in the west, particularly since western scholarship was then occupied with the analysis of entirely different works of art; as a result, the realistic, and indeed clumsy scenes on the stećci neither appealed to scholars nor aroused their interest. In Ottoman Bosnia itself, there were no forces capable independently of studying and presenting these treasures of mediaeval art. In these circumstances, by the mid 19th century – when the process of modern national coalescence was in full swing and the question of whom Bosnia belonged to increasingly took on political and even apocalyptic significance – scholars were inclined to see the art of the stećci as having arisen from Bogomil teachings. Nor was there any lack of efforts to give the stećci a purely Serbian or Croatian national stamp. From the mid 20th century, the prevailing scholarly opinion was that the stećci could not be explained by either “bogomilization” or any exclusively national theory, but rather than they should be situated in their own authentic world, the world in which they came into being, evolved and then died out in the late 15th century, after the mediaeval Bosnian state had itself come to an end(19).
3. Legal status to date
The Regional Plan for Bosnia and Herzegovina to 2000 lists five sites of necropolises with stećci (a total of 188 stećci) as Category III monuments, without exact identification.
4. Research and conservation and restoration works
The National Museum in Sarajevo began a systematic study of the necropolises with stećci in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1950s. The first study of necropolises in the Travnik area was limited to the Lašva valley from Lašva to Karaula, the river Bila valley to Brajkovići and Gučja Gora, the valley of the Komarska Lašva to Goleši, and the Grovnica valley, and was conducted by P. Korošec, who recorded 52 necropolises(20).
M. Kreševljaković noted that the necropolis with stećci is in the lower part of the village of Monjići, that it has about forty stećci, and that because of the condition of the site, with its thickets of shrubs, it was impossible to conduct a detailed identification and description of the stećci(21). P. Korošec notes that there is a necropolis on the right bank of the river near Zagrlje in Mamula, with 75 or more stećci and seven krstača(22).
5. Current condition of the property
The findings of an on-site inspection conducted on 23 April 2009 are as follows:
- the necropolis is completely overgrown with tall grasses and shrubs, and it was therefore impossible to identify the exact number of stećci,
- the condition of the necropolis also meant that it was impossible to measure the stećci or determine the shape of the various tombstones,
- plant organisms, mainly lichen and moss, are present on most of the stećci and are damaging the structure of the stone,
- one nišan without epitaph was found, overgrown with grass and partly sunken,
- one small stone measuring 100 x 70 cm(23) with a squarish concavity was found,
- 45 visible stećci were observed, but their number is certainly greater, as suggested both by the lie of the land and the information provided by P. Korošec, who puts the number at about 75,
- six krstača were found, two of which have fallen over.
The findings of an on-site inspection conducted on 1 April 2010 during a day’s clearance of the necropolis organized by Preporod, Novi Travnik under the supervision of archaeologist Silvana Čobanov, are as follows:
- most of the necropolis was cleared, in an orderly fashion from south to north,
- the clearance works were carried out by hand by two workers, and the surface clearance of the bushes was carried out by a mini digger under constant supervision,
- since the necropolis was not wholly cleared, about 70 visible stećak tombstones and eight krstača tombstones were recorded (two fallen krstača tombstones were completely concealed prior to the clearance works),
- the site should be fully cleared to make it possible to determine the total number of stećak tombstones (quantities of earth are piled up in the necropolis and a number of the tombstones are covered, but the lie of the land suggests that there are tombstones under the soil),
- the only measurements taken were those of stećak tombstones that could be reached and which were cleared on that day.
6. Specific risks
- long-term lack of maintenance,
- adverse weather conditions,
- self-sown vegetation.
III – CONCLUSION
Applying the Criteria for the adoption of a decision on proclaiming an item of property a national monument (Official Gazette of BiH nos. 33/02 and 15/03), the Commission has enacted the Decision cited above.
The Decision was based on the following criteria:
A. Time frame
B. Historical value
C. Artistic and aesthetic value
C.iv. composition
C.v. value of details
G. Authenticity
G.i. form and design
G.ii. material and content
G.v. location and setting
H. Rarity and representativity
H.i. unique or rare example of a certain type or style.
The following documents form an integral part of this Decision:
- Ownership documentation:
- Copy of cadastral plan, c.p. 1165, c.m. Zagrlje, plan no. 3, scale 1:2500, issued on 16 July 2008 by the Department of Proprietary Rights, Cadastre and Planning of Novi Travnik Municipality, Central Bosnia Canton, Federation of Bosnia and Herzdegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- Copy of land register entry for plot no. 1165, Land Register entry no. 11, NAR and RZ no. 051-0-nar-08-003 810, issued on 28 July 2008 by the Novi Travnik Land Registry office, Central Bosnia Canton, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- Photographic documentation:
- Photographs taken on 23 April 2009 and 1 April 2010 by archaeologist Silvana Čobanov, using Canon 1200D digital camera.
- Technical documentation:
- Technical drawings of the property (plan of the necropolis and survey of the stećak tombstones) measured and surveyed on 1 24 [sic] October 2010 by archaeologist Silvana Čobanov and architects Arijana Pašić and Nermina Katkić
Bibliography
During the procedure to designate the monument as a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina the following works were consulted:
1931. Petrović, Jozo. S arheologom kroz Travnik (Through Travnik with an archaeologist). Zagreb, 1931.
1952. Korošec, Paola. “Srednjevjekovne nekropole okoline Travnika” (Mediaeval necropolises in the Travnik area). Jnl of the National Museum, n.s, vol. VII, Sarajevo, 1952.
1957. Vego, Marko. Naselja bosanske srednjovjekovne države (Settlements of the mediaeval Bosnian state), Sarajevo, 1957.
1964. Ćirković, Simo, Istorija srednjovjekovne bosanske države (History of the mediaeval Bosnian state). Belgrade, 1964.
1967. Bešlagić, Šefik. Stećci centralne Bosne, Srednjovjekovni nadgrobni spomenici Bosne i Hercegovine (Stećci of Central Bosnia, mediaeval tombstones of Bosnia and Herzegovina). Sarajevo 1967, vol. IX
1971. Bešlagić, Šefik. Stećci, kataloško-topografski pregled (Stećci, a catalogue and topographical overview). Sarajevo, 1971.
1978. Kovačević-Kojić, Desanka. Gradska naselja srednjovjekovne bosanske države (Urban settlements of the mediaeval Bosnian state). Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša, 1978.
1982. Bešlagić, Šefik. Stećci - kultura i umjetnost (Stećci – Culture and Art). Sarajevo, 1982.
1984. Anđelić, Pavao. “Doba srednjovjekovne bosanske države” in Kulturna istorija Bosne i Hercegovine od najstarijih vremena do pada ovih zemalja pod osmansku vlast (The mediaeval Bosnian state, in Cultural History of Bosnia and Herzegovina from ancient times to the fall of these lands to the Ottomans). Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša, 1984
1987. Kreševljaković, Muhamed. Naselja opštine Pucarevo (Settlements of Pucarevo Municipality). Pucarevo, 1987.
1988. Čović, Borivoj (ed). Arheološki leksikon Bosne i Hercegovine (Archaeological Lexicon of Bosnia and Herzegovina), vol. 3. Sarajevo, 1988.
1994. Klaić, Nada. Srednjovjekovna Bosna, politički položaj bosanskih vladara do Tvrtkove krunidbe (1377. g.) (Mediaeval Bosnia, the political position of Bosnian rulers to Tvrtko's coronation [1377]. Zagreb, 1994.
(1) The site of the necropolis was formerly known as Mamula, after the nearby caravanserai owned by Marica Mamula. When the caravanserai was demolished in 1945 the place reverted to its old name of Kaurlaš.
(2) Pavao Anđelić, “Doba srednjovjekovne bosanske države,” in Kulturna istorija Bosne i Hercegovine od najstarijih vremena do pada ovih zemalja pod osmansku vlast (Sarajevo,: Veselin Masleša, 1984), 9,10, 113
(3) Šefik Bešlagić, Stećci, kataloško-topografski pregled (Sarajevo: 1971), 141,145,154,156.
(4) Jozo Petrović, S arheologom kroz Travnik (Zagreb: 1931)
(5) For more on the historical background, see the Decision of the Commission designating the historic site of the Maculje necropolis with stećak tombstones, Novi Travnik Municipality, Official Gazette of BiH no. 3/08 and on the Commission's web site, www.kons.gov.ba.
(6) Marko.Vego, Naselja bosanske srednjovjekovne države (Sarajevo: 1957), 150; Nada Klaić,. Srednjovjekovna Bosna, politički položaj bosanskih vladara do Tvrtkove krunidbe (1377. g.) (Zagreb: 1994), 112- 115
(7) Pavao Anđelić, op.cit., 292
(8) Amir Kliko, master’s dissertation: Tepčija Batalo i njegovo doba (Mentor: Prof .Dr. Pejo Ćošković ), Sarajevo, november 2006
(9) Amir Kliko, op.cit., Sarajevo, 2006.
(10) Simo.Ćirković, Istorija srednjovjekovne bosanske države (Belgrade: 1964), 242.
(11) Desanka Kovačević-Kojić, Gradska naselja srednjovjekovne bosanske države (Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša, 1978), 314
(12) Tefter, tevter, defter m (Gr.), record, register, protocol, book of accounts, business record of debts and claims (A. Škaljić, Turcizmi u srpskohrvatskom jeziku, Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1989, 606)
(13) Muhamed. Kreševljaković, Naselja opštine Pucarevo (Pucarevo, 1987), 136
(14) Muhamed. Kreševljaković, op.cit., 137
(15) According to local residents, a person or persons unknown dug under the stećak, during which time access to the site was barred. None of the available literature refers to any investigations or excavations in the necropolis.
(16) Šefik Bešlagić, Stećci - kultura i umjetnost (Sarajevo: 1982), 107
(17) Paola Korošec, “Srednjevjekovne nekropole okoline Travnika,” in Jnl of the National Museum, n.s. vol. VII, Sarajevo: 1952, 402
(18) For more on krstača tombstones, see the Decision of the Commission designating the historic site of the Maculje necropolis with stećci, Municipality Novi Travnik, Official Gazette of BiH no. 3/08, and the Commission's web site: www.kons.gov.ba
(19) For more on stećci, see the Decision of the Commission designating the historic site of the Mramorje necropolis with stećci and old nišan tombstones in Lavšići, Municipality Olovo, as a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina, no. 02-02-228/07-95, of November 2008, and the Commission’s web site: www.kons.gov.ba
(20) Paola Korošec, op.cit., 1952, 378, 407
(21) Muhamed Kreševljaković, op.cit., 1987, 135
(22) Paola Korošec, op.cit., 1952, 389
(23) In P. Korošec's view, this might have been an altar, or possibly the base of a krstača, though she virtually rules out this possibility (P. Korošec, 1952, 389)
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