Status of monument -> National monument

Pursuant to Article V para. 4 Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Article 39 para. 1 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, at a session held from 6 to 8 November 2012 the Commission adopted a

D E C I S I O N

I

The natural and architectural ensemble of the Radetina Tower with natural heritage, Cazin Municipality, is hereby designated as a National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: the National Monument).

The National Monument consists of the Radetina Tower, the cave where the tower is located, the Radetina brook and the natural surroundings of the Tower.

The National Monument is located on a site designated as cadastral plot no. 62 (new survey), corresponding to c.p. nos. 937/70, 937/63 and 937/64 (old survey), title deed no. 38/01, Land Register entry nos. 834 and 1370, cadastral municipality Cazin, Municipality Cazin, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The provisions relating to protection measures set forth by the Law on the Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, established pursuant to Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of the Federation of BiH nos. 2/02, 27/02, 6/04 and 51/07) shall apply to the National Monument

II

The Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: the Government of the Federation) shall be responsible for providing the legal, scientific, technical, administrative and financial measures necessary for the protection, conservation and presentation of the National Monument.

The Government of the Federation shall provide the resources for conducting archaeological works and producing the technical documentation required for the protection and preservation of the National Monument.

The Commission to Preserve National Monuments (hereinafter: the Commission) shall determine the technical requirements and secure the funds for preparing and setting up signboards with basic details of the monument and the Decision to proclaim the property a National Monument.

III

To ensure the on-going protection of the National Monument on the site defined in Clause 1 para. 3 of this Decision, the following protection measures are hereby stipulated:

built heritage

-       all works are prohibited other than investigative, archaeological and conservation-restoration works on the Tower, including works designed for the presentation of the monument, with the approval of the federal ministry responsible for regional planning and under the expert supervision of the heritage protection authority of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: the heritage protection authority);

-       during structural repair, conservation and restoration works on the National Monument, original materials and binders shall be used wherever possible;

-       repairs shall be carried out using the existing stone blocks;

-       the site of the National Monument shall be open and accessible to the public, and may be used for educational and cultural purposes;

-       the site defined in Clause 1 para. 3 of this Decision is a potential archaeological site, and therefore no works that could in any way alter the site or pose a threat to the monument may be carried out without the supervision of the heritage protection authority and the presence of an archaeologist;

-       construction or works that could have the effect of altering the site are prohibited, as is the erection of temporary facilities or permanent structures not designed solely for the protection and presentation of the National Monument;

-       a programme for the refurbishment, presentation and routine maintenance of the National Monument shall be produced and implemented;

-       the approach paths shall be cleared and made good;

-       the dumping of waste is prohibited.

natural heritage

-       a detailed plan shall be produced for the preservation of the natural setting, consisting of the cave, the Radetina brook and the natural stone bridge, to protect the entire area without compromising its existing state and the ecological balance;

-       existing tall vegetation and specific plant species shall be preserved;

-       the exploitation of the woodland is prohibited with the exception of felling for tree health and vitality;

-       signposts and route markers shall be erected.

With a view to protecting the natural and built ensemble, a buffer zone is hereby prescribed, consisting of the area bordering the National Monument to the north as far as Radetina brook (c.p. nos. 1450 and 1451), to the east of c.p. nos. 63 and 64, and to the south and west up to and including the approach road (c.p. nos. 61, 65 and 68).

Measures to protect the natural values of the site shall apply in the buffer zone. The extraction of stone, the felling of trees except for tree health and vitality, the construction of industrial facilities and major infrastructure and of any facility that could endanger the National Monument during construction or operation are prohibited.

IV

All movable artefacts found during the course of the archaeological survey shall be deposited in the nearest museum able to provide the necessary personnel, material and technical conditions or in the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo, catalogued, and suitably presented.    

By way of exception to the provisions of para. 1 of this Clause, until such time as the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina reopens, and if the nearest museum is unable to provide the necessary personnel, material and technical conditions, the principals of the archaeological investigations are required to submit a written request to the Commission to specify the institution where the archaeological finds shall be temporarily housed.

All movable and immovable archaeological material found during the course of the archaeological investigations shall be professionally catalogued.

Upon completion of the archaeological works the archaeologist leading the investigations shall submit a report to the Commission and to the institution that conducted the investigations.

The archaeologist leading the investigations must have access to all the movable and immovable archaeological material found during the course of the investigations and until his/her report is completed, for a period not exceeding three years.

All immovable finds shall be conserved in situ as the archaeological investigations proceed, and the movable archaeological material shall be conserved and placed for safe keeping in a suitable storage facility.

Upon receipt of a report on the investigations conducted, the Commission shall identify which movable artefacts shall be subject to protection measures to be determined by the Commission.

The removal of the movable artefacts referred to in para. 1 of this Clause from Bosnia and Herzegovina is prohibited.

By way of exception to the provisions of paragraph 7 of this Clause, the temporary removal from Bosnia and Herzegovina of the movable artefacts for the purposes of display or conservation shall be permitted if the leader of the investigations determines that a given artefact must be catalogued abroad, and provides evidence to that effect to the Commission, which may permit the temporary removal of the artefact from the country subject to detailed conditions for its export, treatment while out of the country and return to Bosnia and Herzegovina.

V

All executive and area development planning acts are hereby revoked to the extent that they are not in accordance with the provisions of this Decision.

VI

Everyone, and in particular the competent authorities of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Canton, and urban and municipal authorities, shall refrain from any action that might damage the National Monument or jeopardize the preservation thereof.

VII

The Government of the Federation, the federal ministry responsible for regional planning, the heritage protection authority, and the Municipal Authorities in charge of urban planning and land registry affairs, shall be notified of this Decision in order to carry out the measures stipulated in Articles II to VI of this Decision, and the Authorized Municipal Court shall be notified for the purposes of registration in the Land Register.

VIII

The elucidation and accompanying documentation form an integral part of this Decision, which may be viewed by interested parties on the premises or by accessing the website of the Commission (http://www.kons.gov.ba)

IX

Pursuant to Art. V para 4 Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, decisions of the Commission are final.

X

This Decision shall enter into force on the day following its publication in the Official Gazette of BiH.

This Decision has been adopted by the following members of the Commission: Zeynep Ahunbay, Martin Cherry, Amra Hadžimuhamedović, Dubravko Lovrenović, and Ljiljana Ševo.

No:06.2-2.3-73/12-35

7 November 2012

Sarajevo

Chair of the Commission

Ljliljana Ševo

E l u c i d a t i o n

I – INTRODUCTION

Pursuant to Article 2, paragraph 1 of the Law on the Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, established pursuant to Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a “National Monument” is an item of public property proclaimed by the Commission to Preserve National Monuments to be a National Monument pursuant to Articles V and VI of Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and property entered on the Provisional List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of BiH no. 33/02) until the Commission reaches a final decision on its status, as to which there is no time limit and regardless of whether a petition for the property in question has been submitted or not.

On 9 February 2010 the Bihać Institute for the Protection of the Cultural Heritage submitted a proposal/petition to the Commission to designate the Radetina Tower in Cazin Municipality as a national monument of BiH.

Pursuant to the provisions of the law, the Commission proceeded to carry out the procedure for reaching a final decision to designate the Property as a National Monument, pursuant to Article V of Annex 8 and Article 35 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments.

Statement of Significance

Like other mediaeval fortifications in the Una valley, with which it formed part of the system of defences in the frontier region, the Radetina Tower was built on a precipitious, inaccessible height. The earliest reference to the tower is as a holding of the Kobasić lords, who ruled Brekovica in the 15th and 16th centuries. In his 1536 report on the towers and forts of the Krajina (military frontier region), General Ivan Lenković states that the Radotina (Radetina) Tower, which is in the village of Ćoralići, is uncared for, and that there is no need to preserve it; rather, it should be demolished. The tower came under Ottoman rule after 1577, and from then on was used as a karaula (watch-tower) and guard house, giving the area the name Karaula.

The natural setting of the tower, consisting of the cave in which Radetina brook rises, a natural stone bridge and rich mixed woodland, forms an integral whole with the built heritage of this mediaeval fortified structure.

II – PRELIMINARY PROCEDURE

During the procedure preceding the adoption of a final decision to proclaim the property a national monument, the following documentation was inspected:

-       documentation on the location and current owner and user of the property (copy of cadastral plan, copy of land register entry, proof of title).

-       details of the current condition and use of the property, including a description and photographs, details of war damage, details of rehabilitation works on the property and of the project, materials and building methods applied during rehabilitation.

-       historical, architectural and other documentary material on the property, as set out in the bibliography forming part of this Decision.

-       details of statutory protection to date.

-       the views of the owner in writing, expressing full agreement to the designation of the property as a national monument of BiH.

Pursuant to Article V para. 2 of Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Article 37 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission, before rendering a final decision designating a property as a national monument, the Commission is required to provide the owner of the proposed monument, the person submitting the petition, the institutions responsible for heritage, professional and academic institutions, experts and scholars, as well as other interested parties, to express their views.

Accordingly, the Commission sent a letter ref. 07.1-35.2-8/11-189 dated 14 November 2011 requesting documentation and views on the designation of the Radetina Tower in Cazin as a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina to Cazin Municipality (mayor and department responsible for town planning and cadastral affairs), the Federal Ministry of Regional Planning, the Institute for the Protection of Monuments under the Federal Ministry of Culture and Sport and the Bihać Institute for the Protection of the Cultural Heritage.

As of the date on which this Decision was rendered, the Commission had received the following documentation:

-       on 8 February 2010 the Bihać Institute for the Protection of the Cultural Heritage submitted a petition for the protection of the Radetina Tower in Cazin under cover of letter ref. 0066/10, followed by letter ref. 06-759/11 of 26 October 2011 supplying additional details and a proposal for repairs to the property.

-       letter ref. 03-23-2-272/12 dated 2 March 2012 from the Federal Ministry of Regional Planning notifying the Commission to Preserve National Monuments that it has no information or documentation on the property in question.

-       letter ref. 07-40-4-4297-1/11 dated 19 October 2011 from the Institute for the Protection of Monuments under the Federal Ministry of Culture and Sport supplying the following documentation for the Radetina Tower: ruling on statutory protection; ruling on entry in the Register and File on the property.

-       letter ref. 03-40-8762/12 dated 23 August 2012 from the Department of General Administration and Social Affairs, Cazin Municipality, supplying the following documentation:

-         copy of cadastral plan no. 2 of 25 July 2012

-         copy of title deed no. 38/01 of 23 July 2012

-         Land Register entry nos. 834 and 1370.

The findings based on the review of the above documentation and the condition of the site are as follows:

1. Details of the property

Location

Cazin, which is 26 km to the north of Bihać, on the road to Velika Kladuša, is the largest town on the left bank of the Una. The Radetina Tower is 4 km from Cazin, on a precipitous, inaccessible height north-west of Cazin, between the villages of Ćoralići and Gornja Koprivna. The entrance to the tower was probably through the cave beneath, in which Radetina brook rises.

            The National Monument is located on a site designated as cadastral plot no. 62 (new survey), corresponding to c.p. nos. 937/70, 937/63 and 937/64 (old survey), title deed no. 38/01, Land Register entry nos. 834 and 1370, cadastral municipality Cazin, Municipality Cazin, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Historical background(1)

The Cazin region was already inhabited in prehistoric times, as evidenced by the remains of various artefacts of pottery, stone, bronze and iron, found at Čungar, Gradina, Selište and elsewhere. The Bihać area was settled by the Iapodes in the 8th century BCE, and it is likely that they were also present in the Cazin area. In the early years CE Romans settled in the area. The earliest reference to Cazin in historical sources dates from 1522, when the Ottomans conquered Knin and Cazin became the seat of the bishops of Knin. Cazin was held for a time by Petar Keglević, who in 1535 surrendered it on the king's orders to the new bishop of Knin, Canon Petar of Ripač. It was while the latter was holding court there, in 1539, that the Ottomans took the town.

A frontier garrison was based in Cazin from 1553. In July 1576 the Ottomans, led by Ferhad pasha Sokolović, finally took Cazin and Bužim. By 1577 an Ottoman garrison of 50 cavalrymen and 150 infantrymen was already based in Cazin (Lopašić, 1943, 132). The following year Ferhad pasha surrendered Cazin without a fight to General Ivan Ferenberg, only to retake it, this time for good, later that same year (Lopašić, 120-123, Kreševljaković, 1953, 32).

In 1584 the Ottomans embarked on a further reinforcement of the fort in Cazin, which was one of the most strongly fortified towns on the border between the two empires. In or around 1570 the Kamengrad kadiluk [area under the jurisdiction of a qadi – Islamic judge and administrative officer] was established within the Bosnian sanjak, covering the nahijas [minor administrative districts] in the Sana river valley, to which the town of Cazin also belonged (Šabanović, 1982, 175,181).

According to a treaty of 1625 on the borders between the Ottoman holdings in the Krajina and neighbouring Croatia, there were military garrisons in all the forts held by the Ottomans in the Krajina, including Cazin (Lopašić, 1943, 31).

In the 18th century, Cazin formed part of the Ostrožač captaincy, and did not have a dizdar [fortress commander] of its own. In the 19th century Cazin belonged to the Bihać kajmakamluk (district) and the Cazin or Ostrožac mudirluk (Šabanović, 1982, 233).

The Gračanica, Radetina and Bišovac towers formed a triangle, designed to protect Mutnik Fort, which stood at the centre of the triangle. Catholic overlords held Mutnik Fort, probably the major fort in the area, until it was occupied by the Ottomans in the early 16th century.

The Radetina Tower, together with the other mediaeval forts in the Una-Sana area, formed part of the frontier defences. The earliest reference to the Radetina Tower is as a holding of the Kobasić lords, who ruled Brekovica in the 15th and 16th centuries. In his 1536 report on the towers and forts of the Krajina (military frontier region), General Ivan Lenković states that the Radotina (Radetina) Tower, which is in the village of Ćoralići, is uncared for, and that there is no need to preserve it; rather, it should be demolished. The tower came under Ottoman rule after 1577, and from then on was used as a karaula (watch-tower) and guard house, giving the area the name Karaula.

2. Description of the property

The tower is a tall and relatively narrow building, erected to be used as a fortified manor. It is round in plan, with an interior diameter of approx. 6.00 m. Being built on sloping high ground, it varies in height from approx. 8.00 m to 10.00 m. The walls, which are approx. 1.40 m thick, were built of rubble stone.

The entrance to the tower is from the north, once reached via a corridor on the south side. This is now in ruins, making it almost impossible to enter the tower.

The tower has no roof. The remains of the balcony which served as a lookout-post can be seen above the entrance.

Small openings serving as loopholes can be seen from the inside.

The position of wooden tie beams can be seen at heights of approx. 2.00, 4.00 and 6.00 m above the probable floor level.

The walls of the tower also had windows serving as lookouts, which are splayed towards the inside.

Natural heritage(2)

The Radetina Tower stands in an area of hydrographic, geological and floristic interest, on a precipitous, inaccessible height at the foot of which is a natural cave(3) and a stone bridge.

The natural entrance to the cave was originally much larger, but is now partly walled up with rubble stone, leaving an aperture about 2.00 m wide and 1.5 m high. The first chamber is oval in plan, with a width of about 5.40 m and a length of about 11 m. This chamber is about 3.00 in height. The cave then narrows, widening out again after about 15 m into a second chamber the size of which is not known. Radetina brook rises in the cave.

Geologically, the Cazin(4) area is Mesozoic in age(5), with Radetina located on a Jurassic enclave between upper Cretaceous strata to the east and Miocene to the west. It too is geologically diverse, with the wider area dominated by the middle Jurassic (Dogger), whereas tufa is typical of the wider region. The immediate area of the Radetina Tower is of the lower Jurassic (Malm) period(6).

Lithologically, the entire area is dominated by massive limestone and dolomite (the Cazin dolomite bed known as Džehveruša, estimated to contain “about a hundred million m3”of dolomite, is well known). The Radetina area itself consists of laminated limestone, dolomite and platy limestone with chert – Lemeš deposits with microfossils Clypeina jurassica and Pianella grudii.(7)

The Cazin region is characterized hydrologically by three catchment areas: that of the River Una, with its tributary the Dobrenica, that of the River Korana, with its tributaries the Toplica, Mutnica, Crnaja and Grahova rivers, and that of the River Glina, with its tributaries the Rijeka, Mircoljica and Pivnica rivers(8). The waters from the wider Radetina area gravitate towards the Glina catchment area, while Radetina itself has more than thirty free-flowing springs (average output less than three l/s) feeding Kelečevac brook(9).

The area has a moderate continental climate, with Cazin experiencing fairly harsh winters and hot summers, markedly influenced by local conditions(10).

Flora

The vegetation of the Cazin area is lush, characterized by mesophile oak forests with sessile oak and common hornbeam communities (Querco – Carpinetum Horv. et al. 1974)(11).

Stefanović, V.(12) also includes Fagetalia among the mesophile hornbeam woodland, but identifies the Erythronio – carpinetum illyricum Horvat et.al. 1974 community, describing it as sessile oak and hornbeam forest on moderately acid brown, illimerized, clayey soils(13).

The Cazin region is known for its disjunct range of sweet chestnut forest (Querco – Castanetum)(14).

As well as sweet chestnut, the tree layer contains Quercus petraea, Fagus sylvatica, Betula verrucosa, and Carpinus betulus. The shrubs and ground vegetation consist of acidophile species: Genista tinctoria. Genista germanica, Juniperus communis, Frangula alnus, Rubus hirtus, Vaccinium myrtillus, Hieracium murorum, Hieracium umbellatum, Lazula pilosa, Lazula albida, Veronica officinalis, Pteridium aquilinum, Calluna vulgaris, Potentilla erecta, and Melamyrum pratense ssp. vulgatum. There is also commonly a well developed moss layer with the species Polytrichum formosum, Leucobrium glaucum, and Dicranum scoparium. Unlike the sessile oak-hornbeam association, where the structure is more complex and the shrub layer much more highly developed, this community is characterized by its uniformity, and the dominance of acidophile species.

Fauna

The forest cover and presence of potable water provide a suitable habitat for several species of mammals, birds, amphibians and invertebrates.

There are no documented indicators for the state of the fauna of Bosnia and Herzegovina (and consequently the area here in question) except for an overview of the state of the mammalian fauna (Kotrošan et. al.(15)), with a systematic list of fauna and a bibliography giving 153 sources, providing a systematic and reliable basis for this subject.

The underlying features of the habitats of the surroundings of the Radetina Tower indicate that species of the following are certainly to be found: Mammalia, Aves, Ichthyofauna(16), Reptilia(17), tortoises, Amphibia, and Crustacea(18).

3. Legal status to date

An inspection of the protection of the property reveals that:

-       the architectural ensemble of Radetina Tower was protected by the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments and Natural Rarities in Sarajevo, People’s Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, ruling no. 02-708-3 of 23 October 1962;

-       pursuant to ruling no. 1092/51 of 28 December 1951 the Radetina Tower was inscribed in the register of immovable cultural monuments under serial no. 63;

-       the 1980 to 2002 Regional Plan for Bosnia and Herzegovina, phase B, valorization, lists the Radetina Tower under category II.

4. Research and conservation-restoration works

-       no investigative or conservation-restoration works have been carried out;

-       in 2011 the Bihać Institute for the Protection of Monuments produced an action plan that covered a survey of the wider geodetic area, archaeological investigations of the Radetina Tower, and clearing and laying access paths.

5. Current status of the property

The findings of an on-site inspection on 10 July 2012 are as follows:

-       the site is very difficult of access;

-       the entire area around the tower is overgrown with tall and low-growing vegetation and scattered with fallen stone;

-       the walls of the tower are covered inside and out with dense plant growth;

-       the walls are in very poor condition or almost ruinous in places through neglect;

-       the approach paths are in very poor condition, fallen away or non-existent in places, making it impossible to reach the tower;

-       the cave below the tower has not been investigated and there is no way of entering the tower through the cave.

6. Specific risks

-       adverse effects of the elements

-       self-sown vegetation

-       neglect

III – CONCLUSION

Applying the Criteria for the designation of property as a national monument (Official Gazette of BiH nos. 33/02 and 15/03), the Commission has enacted the Decision cited above.

The Decision was based on the following criteria:

A.         Time frame

B.         Historical value

C.         Artistic and aesthetic value

C.i.       quality of workmanship

C.iii.      proportions

C.vi.     value of construction

D.         Clarity (documentary, scientific and educational value)

D.i.       material evidence of a lesser known historical era

D.ii.      evidence of historical change

D.iv.     evidence of a particular type, style or regional manner

E.         Symbolic value

E.i.       ontological value

E.iii.      traditional value

E.v.      significance for the identity of a group of people

The following documents form an integral part of this Decision:

-       Ownership documentation

-         copy of cadastral plan no. 2, scale 1:25000, issued on 25 July 2012 by the Department of Proprietary Rights, Geodetics and Cadastral Afairs, Sector for Geodetics and Cadastral Affairs, Cazin Municipality

-         copy of title deed no. 38/01 issued on 23 July 2012 by the Department of Proprietary Rights, Geodetics and Cadastral Afairs, Sector for Geodetics and Cadastral Affairs, Cazin Municipality

-       Photodocumentation

-         photographs of the Radetina Tower in Cazin taken in July 2012 by members of staff of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments

-       Other documentation

-         ruling no. 02-708-3 of 23 October 1962 issued by the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments and Natural Rarities in Sarajevo, People’s Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina

-         ruling no. 1092/51 of 28 December 1951, pursuant to which the Radetina Tower was inscribed in the register of immovable cultural monuments under serial no. 63

Bibliography

During the procedure to designate the property as a national monument, the following works were consulted:

1904.    Truhelka, Ćiro. Naši gradovi, opis najljepših sredovječnih gradova Bosne i Hercegovine (Our Towns, Description of the Most Beautiful Old Towns of Bosnia and Herzegovina). Sarajevo: Naklada Knjižare J. Studnička and others, 1904.

1934.    Kreševljaković, Hamdija. Cazin i okolina (Cazin and Environs). Sarajevo: 1934.

1943.    Lopašić, Radoslav. Bihać i bihaćka krajina (Bihać and the Bihać Krajina), 2nd ed. Zagreb: 1943.

1952.    Kreševljaković, Hamdija. “Prilozi povijesti bosanskih gradova pod turskom upravom”, Prilozi za orijentalnu filologiju i istoriju jugoslovenskih naroda pod turskom vladavinom (Contributions to the History of Bosnian Towns under Turkish Administration, Contributions for Oriental Philology and the History of the South Slavs under Turkish Governance), II/1951. Sarajevo: Institute for Oriental Studies in Sarajevo, 1952, 119-184.

1953.    Kreševljaković, Hamdija. “Stari bosanski gradovi,” (Old Bosnian Towns), Naše starine I. Sarajevo: 1953, 7-45.

1957.    Vego, Marko. Naselja srednjovjekovne bosanske države (Settlements of the Mediaeval Bosnian State). Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1957.

                        .

1982.    Šabanović, Hazim. Bosanski pašaluk (The Bosnian pashaluk). Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1982.

1988.    Arheološki leksikon Bosne i Hercegovine (Archaeological Lexicon of BiH), Vol. 2. Sarajevo: National Museum in Sarajevo, 1988.

1991.    Kreševljaković, Hamdija. Kapetanije u Bosni i Hercegovini (Captaincies in BiH) Collected Works I. Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša, 1991.

1995.    Popović, Marko. Srednjovekovne tvrđave u Bosni i Hercegovini (Mediaeval Forts in Bosnia and Herzegovina), Zbornik za istoriju Bosne i Hercegovine 1 (History of Bosnia and Herzegovina Collected Papers 1). Beograd: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Committee for History of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1995, 33-55.

1995.    Kruhek, M. Krajiške utvrde hrvatskog kraljevstva (Frontier fortifications of the Kingdom of Croatia). Zagreb: 1995, 191.

2002.    Mrgić-Radojčić, Jelena. Donji kraji Krajina srednjovjekovne Bosne (Lower regions of the Krajina frontier of mediaeval Bosnia). Belgrade: 2002.

2006.    Institute for Architecture, Urbanism and Spatial Planning, Sarajevo

Spatial plan for Cazin Municipality 2002-2020

(1) The historical details are taken from the following Decisions issued by the Commission: the Nurija Pozderac house in Cazin, the Bijela Stijena Fort in Stijena, Cazin Municipality, and the Cazin Fort and mosque in Cazin.

(2) For more on the natural heritage, see the report Zaštita prirodnog naslijeđa Kule Radetina, općina Cazin compiled on 9 August 2012 by Enida Malešević

(3) There was probably a secret entrance to the tower in the cave, but in the absence of investigations this is only speculation.

(4)  Geological map – Bihać, (annexed)

(5) A total of 187 million years – Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods

(6) Translator's note: Malm is the old name for the upper (not lower) Jurassic

(7) The land has no visible contaminants, pollution, degradation or devastation.  The soils of the wider area are acid brown clayey illimerized soils.

(8) “Strateški plan za vode, zaštitu okoliša i komunalnu djelatnost općine Cazin 2010 – 2014“, Cazin

(9) Free-flowing springs are found in the plains, unlike the hillsides where there are water-worn gullies, dry stream-beds in which water flows only at times of high rainfall or snow-melt.  Since the plots from which water gravitates towards Kelečevac brook are privately-owned, and the entire area is clean and well-preserved, it is important that the local community be encouraged and provided with incentives to raise awareness of the importance of protecting the environment, ensure that water courses remain clean, and take steps to prevent potential pollution. Abramov, N.N. (1974): Snabdevanje vodom stanovništva, industrije i poljoprivrede, IP Građevinska knjiga, Beograd)

(10) The average annual air temperature is 9.5 °C, with an annual air temperature amplitude of 20.6 °C. The coldest months are January, followed December and February; the warmest are July, August and June http://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazin

(11) This woodland association is widespread on a wide variety of soils, on the series of limestone and acid brown soils, but avoids wet, acid soils. In altitude, it forms the transition between the flood forests of the plains and the beech forests of the uplands (as evidenced from the presence of Salix alba, Alnus glutinosa, and Adenostyles alliariae). There are relatively few surviving tall sessile oak and common hornbeam forests. Regenerated forests at various stages of development are to be found, as in Radetina, where hornbeam is no longer an understorey species but, as a result of the degradation of the association, has become the dominant species. The national classification of the HR habitats of such woodland calls it mixed oak-hornbeam and pure hornbeam woodland (Erythronio – Carpinion association (Horvat 1958) Marinček in Mucina et. al. 1993), belonging to the order FAGETALLA SYLVATICAE Pawl. in Pawl. et. al. 1928, described as mesophile and neutrophile forests of the upland and hilly region, usually beyond flood levels, in which the upper forest storey is dominated by common or sessile oak, and the understorey by hornbeam (which may become the dominant tree species in degraded stands). Stefanović, V. (1986): Fitocenologija sa pregledom šumskih fitocenoza Jugoslavije, Svjetlost, Sarajevo.

(12)  Ibid.

(13) Erythronio – carpinetum illyricum occupies hilly terrain as part of this forest along with a number of species common to oak-hornbeam forest (e.g.. Athyrium filix femina, Nephrodium filix mas, Polypodium vulgare, Phyllitis scolopendrium, Polystichum lonchitis, Asplenium trichomanes, Campanula trachelium, Listera ovata, Asarum europaeum, Cicerbita alpina, Poa bulbosa, Geranium phaeum, Ranunculus lanuginosus, Knautia sylvatica, Saxifraga rotundifolia, Heracleum sphondylium, Rosa pendulina, Geum rivale, Salvia glutinosa, Circaea alpina, Adenostyles alliariae, Mycelis muralis, Anemone hepatica, Lunaria rediviva, Carex sylvatica, Festuca sylvatica, Geranium robertianum, Asperula odorata, Galium sylvaticum. Glechoma hederacea, Allium ursinum, Arum maculatum, etc) and differentials; Erythronium dens canis, Lathyrus montanus, Lusula pilosa, Melampyrum pratense, Polytrichum formosum, and Primula vulgaris).

(14) It is essential to describe this community given its importance and the relative proximity to Radetina of the community Querco – Castanetum illyricum Horvat et. al. 1974. It occupies hilly drained slopes at altitudes of 150 to 600 m. It is contiguous with sessile oak and common hornbeam forest, where it is widespread on silicates, on leached acid brown soils, brown podsols or illimerized soils. In the tree layer, one of the edificators is sweet chestnut, a relict from the ice age as a result of the warm climate of the margins of the Pannonian plain.

(15) Kotrošan, D., Bjedov, V., Kryštufek, B., (2005): “Stanje istraženosti faune sisara Bosne i Hercegovine,” proceedings of the Faculty of Forestry of the University of Sarajevo, no. 1, pp. 229-55, Sarajevo (annexed)

(16) There are more than thirty free-flowing springs in Radetina (average output less than 3 l/s), feeding Kelečevac brook. The water is clean and there are no potential polluters (no illegal rubbish dumps, no nearby human habitation, and such agriculture as there is, is largely organic).  Kelečevac brook has two fish species – chub (Squalius cephalus) and common nase (Chondostroma nasus), which belong to the Cyprinidae (carp or minnow family), indicating their tolerance of low oxygen levels resulting from high water temperatures in summer when water levels are low.

(17) Reptiles are fairly well represented, and the lizards and snakes typical of the area are indicators of good levels of biodiversity.

(18) During the on-site inspection of Radetina tower on 10 July several juvenile specimens of the Danube crayfish, Galician crayfish, Turkish crayfish or narrow-clawed crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) were observed in Kelečevac brook. Crayfish of this species live in lowland watercourses, and are resistant to water of rather poor physical and chemical quality, as well as tolerating wide variations in oxygen and temperature. Unlike other European species of the Astacidae family, they are both diurnal and noctural, resulting in higher food intakes and consequent greater and more rapid growth than other species. The people living not only in this region but everywhere else where the watercourses are clean should be warned of the dangers of introducing invasive American crayfish, which are more aggressive than the indigenous European species and compete for living space and food, driving native species out of their habitats.