Status of monument -> National monument
Pursuant to Article V para. 4 Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Article 39 para. 1 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, at a session held on 11 March 2011 the Commission adopted a
D E C I S I O N
I
The historic site of a prehistoric tumulus and necropolis with stećak tombstones known as Veliki and Mali Han, Lištani, Livno Municipality, is hereby designated as a National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: the National Monument).
The National Monument consists of the tumulus, on which there are graves and 84 stećak tombstones (Veliki Han with 25 stećaks and Mali Han with 59).
The National Monument is located on a site designated as cadastral plot no. 2270 and 2273 (old survey), Land Register entry no. 147, and c.p. 2280 (old survey), Land Register entry no. 34, cadastral municipality Rujani, Municipality Livno, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The chapel on the protected site is not subject to the protection measures prescribed by this Decision.
The provisions relating to protection measures set forth by the Law on the Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, established pursuant to Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of the Federation of BiH nos. 2/02, 27/02, 6/04 and 51/07) shall apply to the National Monument.
II
The Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: the Government of the Federation) shall be responsible for providing the legal, scientific, technical, administrative and financial measures necessary for the protection, conservation and presentation of the National Monument.
The Commission to Preserve National Monuments (hereinafter: the Commission) shall determine the technical requirements and secure the funds for preparing and setting up signboards with basic details of the monument and the Decision to proclaim the property a National Monument.
III
To ensure the on-going protection of the National Monument on the area defined in Clause 1 para. 3 of this Decision, the following protection measures are hereby stipulated:
- all works are prohibited other than investigative, archaeological and conservation-restoration works, including those designed for the presentation of the monument, with the approval of the federal ministry responsible for regional planning (hereinafter: the relevant ministry) and under the expert supervision of the heritage protection authority of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: the heritage protection authority);
- lichen and moss may not be removed from the stećak tombstones;
- by way of exception to the preceding paragraph, lichen and moss may be removed from the stećak tombstones where necessary in order to study their epigraphic or decorative elements, subject to a preliminary study and with the approval of the relevant ministry. The study shall be based on biological, chemical, physical and other analyses found by a conservator to be necessary, and shall include appropriate conservation measures and an assessment of the impact of cleaning methods on the stone;
IV
All movable artefacts found during the course of the archaeological survey shall be deposited in the nearest museum able to provide the necessary personnel, material and technical conditions or in the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo, processed, and suitably presented.
All movable and immovable archaeological material found during the course of the archaeological investigations shall be professionally processed.
Upon completion of the archaeological works the archaeologist leading the investigations shall submit a report to the institution that conducted the investigations.
The archaeologist leading the investigations must have access to all the movable and immovable archaeological material found during the course of the investigations and until his/her report is completed, for a period not exceeding three years.
All immovable finds shall be conserved in situ as the archaeological investigations proceed, and the movable archaeological material shall be conserved and placed for safe keeping in a suitable storage facility.
Upon receipt of a report on the investigations conducted, the Commission shall identify which movable artefacts shall be subject to protection measures to be determined by the Commission.
The removal of the movable artefacts referred to in para. 1 above from Bosnia and Herzegovina is prohibited.
By way of exception to the provisions of paragraph 7 of this Clause, if the leader of the investigations determines that a given archaeological artefact must be processed abroad, and provides evidence to that effect to the Commission, the Commission may permit the temporary removal of the artefact from the country subject to detailed conditions for its export, treatment while out of the country and return to Bosnia and Herzegovina.
V
All executive and area development planning acts are hereby revoked to the extent that they are not in accordance with the provisions of this Decision.
VI
Everyone, and in particular the competent authorities of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Canton, and urban and municipal authorities, shall refrain from any action that might damage the National Monument or jeopardize the preservation thereof.
VII
The Government of the Federation, the relevant ministry, the heritage protection authority, and the Municipal Authorities in charge of urban planning and land registry affairs, shall be notified of this Decision in order to carry out the measures stipulated in Articles II to VI of this Decision, and the Authorized Municipal Court shall be notified for the purposes of registration in the Land Register.
VII
The elucidation and accompanying documentation form an integral part of this Decision, which may be viewed by interested parties on the premises or by accessing the website of the Commission (http://www.kons.gov.ba)
IX
Pursuant to Art. V para 4 Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, decisions of the Commission are final.
X
This Decision shall enter into force on the day following its publication in the Official Gazette of BiH.
This Decision has been adopted by the following members of the Commission: Zeynep Ahunbay, Martin Cherry, Amra Hadžimuhamedović, Dubravko Lovrenović and Ljiljana Ševo.
No. 05.1-2.3-77/11-2
11 March 2011
Sarajevo
Chair of the Commission
Amra Hadžimuhamedović
E l u c i d a t i o n
I – INTRODUCTION
Pursuant to Article 2, paragraph 1 of the Law on the Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, established pursuant to Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a “National Monument” is an item of public property proclaimed by the Commission to Preserve National Monuments to be a National Monument pursuant to Articles V and VI of Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and property entered on the Provisional List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of BiH no. 33/02) until the Commission reaches a final decision on its status, as to which there is no time limit and regardless of whether a petition for the property in question has been submitted or not.
On 14 January 2003 the Gorica Franciscan museum and gallery in Livno submitted a proposal/petition to designate the archaeological site of the mediaeval necropolis with stećak tombstones, Lištani: Veliki and Mali Han, Livno Municipality, as a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Pursuant to the provisions of the law, the Commission proceeded to carry out the procedure for reaching a final decision to designate the Property as a National Monument, pursuant to Article V para. 4 of Annex 8 and Article 35 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments.
Statement of Significance
The Livno area has been inhabited since ancient times, as evidenced by its many archaeological remains. The intermingling and, in some cases, overlapping of burial grounds from different historical periods give the area particular significance. These numerous burial grounds attest to an unbroken chain of life and burial in the area, their concentration reflecting a density of population that has persisted to this day. One such site is that of the tumulus and necropolis with stećak tombstones known as Veliki and Mali Han in the village of Lištani, 20 km as the crow flies north-west of Livno.
The Mali Han necropolis stands on an earth tumulus with a radius of about 60 m and a height of about one metre, and consists of 59 stećak tombstones; the Veliki Han necropolis, about 30 m away, is on a very slight rise in the ground of about 80 cm, which might also be an earth tumulus with a radius of about 30 m, and consists of 25 stećak tombstones.
II – PRELIMINARY PROCEDURE
In the procedure preceding the adoption of a final decision to proclaim the property a national monument, the following documentation was inspected:
- details of the current condition and use of the property, including a description, architectural survey and photographs
- an inspection of the current condition of the property
- a copy of the cadastral plan
- a copy of the Land Register entry
- historical, architectural and other documentary material on the property, as set out in the bibliography forming part of this Decision
Pursuant to Article V para. 2 of Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Article 37 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission, before rendering a final decision designating a property as a national monument, the Commission is required to provide the owner of the proposed monument, the person submitting the petition, the institutions responsible for heritage, professional and academic institutions, experts and scholars, as well as other interested parties, to express their views. Accordingly, the Commission sent a letter ref. 05.1-35.2-10/10-211 dated 3 November 2010 requesting documentation and views on the designation of the site of the necropolis with stećaks of Veliki and Mali Han, Lištani, Livno Municipality, as a national monument to Livno Municipality, the Institute for the Protection of Monuments under the Federal Ministry of Culture and Sport, and the Federal ministry of Regional Planning.
In response, the Commission has received the following documentation:
- letter ref. 07-40-4-4183-1/10 of 08.11.2010 from the Institute for the Protection of Monuments of the Federal Ministry of Culture and Sport confirming that the property had not been protected by the Institute for the Protection of the Cultural and Natural Heritage of BiH
- the views of the owner had not been received at the time this Decision was rendered
The findings based on the review of the above documentation and the condition of the property are as follows:
1. Details of the property
Location
The prehistoric tumulus and the Veliki and Mali Han necropolises with stećci (pl. of stećak) are in the village of Lištani, 20 km as the crow flies north-west of Livno, at 43°53'40.91"N and 16°47'10.29"E.
The National Monument is located on a site designated as cadastral plot no. 2270 and 2273 (old survey), Land Register entry no. 147, and c.p. 2280 (old survey), Land Register entry no. 34, cadastral municipality Rujani, Municipality Livno, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Historical background
Prehistoric grave mounds (tumuli) are known by a variety of names, including barrow, mound, burial mound, tumulus and hill (the terms used in the local language in Bosnia and Herzegovina are gomila, gromila, kamena gomila, grobna gomila, tumulus, unka, humka, unjka and zaspa). They are among the most common prehistoric structures, mainly concentrated in southern Bosnia, the Drina valley and Herzegovina, but occasionally found in central and northern Bosnia as well. Tumuli are artificial mounds, usually round or occasionally elliptical in plan, originally probably conical in outline, but usually surviving as domed shaped mounds of various heights. They were made of earth or earth and stone; those in the karst regions were typically made entirely of stone, with the exception of those in the poljes. With the exception of tumuli serving as fortifications (limit tumuli as part of a hill fort system) and those serving as places of worship, known as zaspa(1), most are funerary structures with one or more burials, which may be related (of the same chronological phase in family or clan tumuli) or date from different phases of a given period. It is not uncommon, too, to find burials from different period, as for instances later burials from the Roman period, or entire mediaeval necropolises on prehistoric tumuli.
Findings to daste suggest that the earliest tumulus burials in Bosnia and Herzegovina date from the Eneolithic (20th to 18th century BCE), among them Ljeskova Glavica in Ljubomir near Trebinje, Rudine in Rusanovići and Gosinja planina in the Glasinac region, near Rogatice, Naklo at Grabovica in Buško Blato near Duvno.
Most tumuli date from the Early Bronze Age (18th and 17th centuries BCE) – hundreds of stone tumuli with crouched skeletons in stone coffins, tumuli at numerous sites in the Glasinac region, and so on.
Burials of the Middle Bronze Age (16th to 13th century BCE) have been found in many mounds in the Glasinac region and in the middle and lower Drina valley (the Drina group). A specific type consists of quite large but low mound with several burials, typical of the Barice-Gređani group in northern Bosnia, in particular its early phase, dating from the Middle and the transition to the Late Bronze Age.
Many tumuli also date from the Late Bronze Age (13th to 8th century BCE) and, above all, the Iron Age (8th to 5th century BCE). At the time of the transition from the Bronze to the Early Iron Age, the inhabitants of the regions west of the Neretva turned to burying their dead in flat graves, but tumuli remained characteristic of the Glasinac culture in the Glasinac region, the upper Drina valley and the areas to the east of the Neretva.
The number of tumuli dwindled towards the end of the prehistoric period, replaced by more and more burials in flat graves (Kačanj nr. Bileća, Radimlja 2 nr. Stolac).
Some grave mounds in Bosnia and Herzegovina belonged to the prehistoric Illyrians, and are also known as Illyrian tumuli(2).
The Roman staging post of Pelva (Lištani) on the road from Aequum (Čitluk near Sinj) to Salvium (Vrba in the Glamoc polje), in Lištani and Bariduum, probably where the town of Livno now stands, was one of the links between these regions. Minor local roads branched off from the Roman road from Lištani to Strupnići under Golije, a stretch of 4 km, linking the various settlements. The main Roman road across the Livno polje linked Salona and Servitium (Gradiška).
In the 9th century the župa (county) of Livno probably included not only the Livno polje but also the Duvno and Glamoč poljes. It was based in Livno, the earliest reference to which dates from 892, by the name Cleuna, in a charter issued by knez Muncimir of Croatia, which includes one Želimir, župan (lord of the county) of Livno as a witness(3). The name of the town also features in a list of towns in the mid 10th century work De administrando imperio by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, in which he describes Croatia and lists its counties, and in a list of eleven counties in which Livno county is the first to be named. A charter issued by King Zvonimir in the last quarter of the 11th century refers to comes Dobrila of Livno.
In mediaeval times, Livno came under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Archbishopric of Split, the powers of which were confirmed by the Hungaro-Croatian kings Koloman (1103) and Andrija II (1207). Pope Celestine III also included the county of Livno within the bounds of the same bishopric. Following the foundation of the Bosnian vicariate in 1340, Livno was part of the Duvno custodiate. Despite the endeavours of the Bosnian Franciscans and the Kotromanić rulers to found new bishoprics in Bosnia, the Livno župa remained part of the Archbishopric of Split, the Chapter of which is referred to in Livno in about 1400(4).
From the early 13th century, the area that included the Livno, Glamoč and Duvno poljes was often known as Tropolje (Tres campi). In 1322, during the reign of Stjepan II Kotromanić (1314-1353), Tropolje came within the Bosnian state, and became known as Završje or Zapadna strana (the Western Marches).
Livno fort (castrum Cleune) is also sometimes known as Bistrički fort(5) (castrum Bystryze), standing as it does above the source of the River Bistrica. The ramparts and towers of the fort can still be seen(6).
2. Description of the property
Prehistoric tumulus and necropolis with stećaks, Mali Han
The necropolis, located on an earth mound with a radius of about 60 m, consists of 59 stećaks. The tumulus, which forms a slight elevation of about one metre, is covered with grass, and shows no signs of any material other than earth. It has not been investigated archaeologically, and has no visible artefacts.
Stećak no. 1, chest, measuring 145 x 110 x 40 cm.
Stećak no. 2, chest, measuring 190 x100 x 36 cm
Stećak no. 3, chest, measuring 164 x 92 x 36 cm.
Stećak no. 4, slab, measuring 196 x 70 x 27 cm
Stećak no. 5, slab, measuring 180 x 82 x 21 cm.
Stećak no. 6, sunken.
Stećak no. 7, sunken.
Stećak no. 8, slab, measuring 130 x 58 x 21 cm.
Stećak no. 9, slab, measuring 178 x 92 x 15 cm.
Stećak no. 10, slab, measuring 190 x 147 x 15 cm.
Stećak no. 11, measuring 150 x 65 cm, sunken.
Stećak no. 12, slab, measuring 160 x 54 x 14 cm.
Stećak no. 13, slab, measuring 128 x 57 x 21 cm.
Stećak no. 14, measuring 126 x ? x 27 cm, sunken.
Stećak no. 15, slab, measuring 135 x 133 x 20 cm.
Stećak no. 16, slab, measuring 120 x 83 x 32 cm.
Stećak no. 17, slab, measuring 175 x 110 x 21 cm.
Stećak no. 18, slab, measuring 173 x 86 x 12 cm.
Stećak no. 19, slab, measuring 136 x 61 x 24 cm.
Stećak no. 20, slab, measuring 164 x 65 x 14 cm.
Stećak no. 21, slab, measuring 150 x 77 x 15 cm.
Stećak no. 22, measuring 154 x 112 x 24 cm.
Stećak no. 23, measuring 135 x 120 x 10 cm.
Stećak no. 24, measuring 140 x 57 x 12 cm, sunken.
Stećak no. 25, measuring 107 x ? x 20 cm, sunken.
Stećak no. 26, sunken.
Stećak no. 27, measuring 155 x 87 x 10 cm, sunken.
Stećak no. 28, sunken.
Stećak no. 29, sunken.
Stećak no. 30, measuring 157 x 103 x 12 cm, sunken.
Stećak no. 31, measuring 230 x 84 x 9 cm, sunken.
Stećak no. 32, slab, measuring 128 x 60 x 26 cm.
Stećak no. 33, measuring 170 x 86 x 23 cm, sunken.
Stećak no. 34, measuring 136 x 126 x 7 cm, sunken.
Stećak no. 35, sunken.
Stećak no. 36, measuring 180 x 94 x 20 cm.
Stećak no. 37, sunken.
Stećak no. 38, chest, measuring 190 x 120 x 40 cm.
Stećak no. 39, chest, measuring 175 x 124 x 50 cm.
Stećak no. 40, chest, measuring 196 x 104 x 65 cm.
Stećak no. 41, measuring 194 x 122 x 7 cm, sunken.
Stećak no. 42, measuring 195 x 94 x 17 cm.
Stećak no. 43, chest, measuring 164 x 80 x 44 cm.
Stećak no. 44, measuring 163 x 75 x 9 cm, sunken.
Stećak no. 45, chest, measuring 188 x 70 x 47 cm.
Stećak no. 46, measuring 176 x 120 x 30 cm.
Stećak no. 47, measuring 150 x 140 x 21 cm, sunken.
Stećak no. 48, measuring 212 x 110 x ? cm, sunken.
Stećak no. 49, measuring 197 x 96 cm, sunken.
Stećak no. 50, chest, measuring 190 x 102 x 40 cm.
Stećak no. 51, measuring 166 x 70 x 16 cm.
Stećak no. 52, measuring 185 x 90 x 26 cm.
Stećak no. 53, 220 x 115 cm, sunken.
Stećak no. 54, split.
Stećak no. 55, chest, measuring 156 x 86 x 40 cm.
Stećak no. 56, chest, measuring 190 x 96 x 38 cm.
Stećak no. 57, measuring 145 x 63 x 30 cm.
Stećak no. 58, slab, measuring 188 x 108 x 14 cm.
Stećak no. 59, measuring 196 x 90 cm, sunken.
Necropolis with stećaks, Veliki Han
The Veliki Han necropolis with stećaks is about 100 m south of the Mali Han necropolis, on a slight elevation of about 80 cm, possibly an earth mound with a radius of about 30 m. It consists of 25 stećaks.
Stećak no. 1, slab, measuring 122 x 116 x 20 cm.
Stećak no. 2, sunken.
Stećak no. 3, sunken.
Stećak no. 4, measuring 190 x 120 cm, sunken.
Stećak no. 5, measuring 202 x 123 x 7 cm
Stećak no. 6, measuring 200 x 80 cm, sunken.
Stećak no. 7, slab, measuring 200 x 150 x 22 cm.
Stećak no. 8, length 160 cm, sunken.
Stećak no. 9, length 118 cm, sunken.
Stećak no. 10, sunken.
Stećak no. 11, measuring 166 x 74 cm, sunken.
Stećak no. 12, measuring 194 x 113 cm, sunken.
Stećak no. 13, sunken.
Stećak no. 14, slab, measuring 152 x 88 x 32 cm.
Stećak no. 15, slab, measuring 183 x 107 x 26 cm.
Stećak no. 16, slab, measuring 140 x 50 x 29 cm.
Stećak no. 17, slab, measuring 137 x 54 x 14 cm.
Stećak no. 18, sunken.
Stećak no. 19, slab, measuring 204 x 74 x 20 cm, split.
Stećak no. 20, slab, measuring 213 x 130 x 30 cm.
Stećak no. 21, measuring 174 x 120 cm, sunken and split.
Stećak no. 22, slab, measuring 193 x 95 x 22 cm.
Stećak no. 23, slab, measuring 212 x 107 x 29 cm
Stećak no. 24, sunken.
Stećak no. 25, sunken.
3. Legal status to date
The Regional Plan for BiH to 2000 lists 43 sites of necropolises with stećci (2494 stećci in all) as category III monuments, without precise identification.
According to the Institute for the Protection of Monuments, the property was listed as:
- Mali Han, Lištani, Livno. Prehistoric tumulus and mediaeval necropolis. 60 surviving stećci. The necropolis is on a small rise in the ground (tumulus). Bronze Age and late Middle Ages.
- Veliki Han, Lištani, Municipality Livno. Mediaeval necropolis. 28 surviving stećci. Late Middle Ages.
The property was not protected by the Institute for the Protection of the Cultural and Natural Heritage of BiH.
4. Research and conservation-restoration works
The National Museum in Sarajevo began a systematic study of the necropolises with stećci in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1950s.
Anđelko Zelenika, an art historian and conservator, presented a paper entitled “Stećci of the Livno region in the light of new investigations” at a seminar on the Livno region in the past held in Livno on 20 and 21 November 1992. The new findings concerning the stećci of the area had been made during the author’s investigations in 1976, 1977 and 1978 as part of an expert team from the Regional Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of Mostar. After conducting detailed a field survey and gathering historical, technical and photographic documentation on all the remains of the material culture and monuments of the past, including recording the stećci of the area in the field, a quantity of data relating to the numbers, distribution, symbolism and artistic treatment of the stećci was entered(7). It was established that Livno was one of the four municipalities with the largest number of stećci in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Šefik Bešlagić states that the necropolis with 32 chest-shaped stećci of very poor workmanship is located at Veliki Han, in a field next to the Catholic chapel of St Elijah, and that the necropolis at Mali Han had 60 stećci, also of very poor workmanship. He also relates that the stećci were not decorated(8).
5. Current condition of the property
The findings of an on-site inspection conducted on 5 November 2010 are as follows:
- the stećci are in poor condition, almost all sunken, of indeterminate shape, and with cracked surfaces; they are undecorated
- given the state of the site, it is possible that there were more stećci that have been lost over the years
- the necropolises of Mali and Veliki Han are about 30 m apart
- the Mali Han necropolis stands on an earth mound; 59 stećci were recorded
- the Veliki Han necropolis also stands on a slight rise in the ground (perhaps an earth tumulus); 25 stećci were recorded
- in 1907 a chapel dedicated to St Elijah was built in the middle of the Veliki Han necropolis. The chapel was restored in 2009(9).
6. Specific risks
- the site has not been investigated
- absence of public awareness of the importance of the site as an archaeological site
- the construction in 1907 of St Elijah’s chapel in the Veliki Han necropolis with stećci.
III – CONCLUSION
Applying the Criteria for the adoption of a decision on proclaiming an item of property a national monument (Official Gazette of BiH nos. 33/02 and 15/03), the Commission has enacted the Decision cited above.
The Decision was based on the following criteria:
A. Time frame
B. Historical value
D. Clarity (documentary, scientific and educational value)
D.ii. evidence of historical change
D.iv. evidence of a particular type, style or regional manner
E. Symbolic value
E.i. ontological value
E.ii. religious value
The following documents form an integral part of this Decision:
- Ownership documentation
- Copy of cadastral plan, c.p..1055 and 2273 (old survey), scale 1:6250, c.p. 2223, scale 1:2500, issued on 18.06.2004 by Livno Municipality, Department of Proprietary Rights, Geodetic Affairs and Real Property Cadastre, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Transcript of title deed nos. 400,259, 256, 392, 404, 257, 240, c.m. Rujani, and nos. 784 and 72, c.m. Odžak, issued on 18.06.2004 by the Department of Geodetic Affairs and Proprietary Rights, section for cadastral and geodetic affairs, Livno Municipality
- Photodocumentation
- Photographs taken on 5 November 2010 by archaeologist Silvana Čobanov using Canon 1000D digital camera
- Technical documentation
- Technical drawings of the property (plan of the necropolis and drawing of the tombstones), measured and surveyed on 05.11.2010 by architect Arijana Pašić and archaeologist Silvana Čobanov
Bibliography
During the procedure to designate the property as a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina the following works were consulted:
1971 Bešlagić, Šefik. Stećci, kataloško-topografski pregled (Stećci, a catalogue and topographic overview). Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša, 1971
1980 Redžić, Husref (ed.) Regional Plan for Bosnia and Herzegovina, phase B – valorization of natural, cultural and historical assets. Sarajevo: Institute for Architecture and Town and Country Planning of the Faculty of Architecture in Sarajevo and the Planning Authority of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo, 1980
1988 Čović, Borivoj (ed.) Arheološki leksikon BiH (Archaeological Lexicon of BiH), vol. 1. Sarajevo: 1988
1994 Zelenika, Anđelko. Stećci livanjskog kraja, Livanjski kraj u povijesti (Stećak tombstones of the Livno region, the Livno region in history). Split-Livno: 1994, 89-100
1999 Petrinec, Maja. “Srednjovjekovno razdoblje” (Mediaeval period) in Arheološka zbirka Franjevačkog muzeja u Livnu (The archaeological collection of the Franciscan Museum in Livno). Split: 1990
(1) Zaspa is a local term for a particular form of prehistoric tumulus in western Bosnia, increasingly now being replaced by words such as humka, unjka, crkvina, glavica etc, but preserving the tradition that they are buried churches. They are ordinary tumuli covered with earth or a mixture of earth and sand, sometimes with stone too, and are large in size, even as much as 10 m in height. They were first recorded by F. Fiala in 1896. The best known are the zaspa in Benkovac near Bosanska Krupa, Crkvina in Johovica near Bosanski Novi, Glavica (Hunjka) in Rejzović near Ključ, and Hunka in Kljevi near Sanski Most. They date roughly to the Bronze and Iron Ages (18th-3rd centuries BCE) (Čović, Borivoj (ed. Arheološki leksikon Bosne i Hercegovine, Vol. I, Sarajevo: 1988, 190).
(2) Čović, Borivoj (ed.), op.cit, Sarajevo: 1988, 173.
(3) Maja Petrinec, “Srednjovjekovno razdoblje” in Arheološka zbirka Franjevačkog muzeja u Livnu, Split, 1999, 32.
(4) Maja Petrinec. op.cit., 1999, 32.
(5) The historic site of the fort in Livno (Bistrički fort) was designated as a national monument at the Commission’s 15th session, held from 6 to 10 July 2004.
(6) For more historical information see the decision by the Commission designating the archaeological site of Rešetarica with the remains of an early Christian basilica, two necropolises and movable heritage, Livno Municipality, FBiH, Official Gazette of BiH no. 89/09
(7) Zelenika, Anđelko, u Livanjski kraj u povijesti, Stećci livanjskog područja, Split- Livno: 1994, 89
(8) Bešlagić, Šefik, Stećci, kataloško-topografski pregled, Sarajevo: 1971, 279.
(9) Information forwarded by e-mail by archaeologist Marija Marić, Franciscan monastery Gorica, Livno.
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