Status of monument -> National monument
Published
in the “Official Gazette of BiH”, no. 13/10.
Pursuant
to Article V para. 4 Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina
and Article 39 para. 1 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission to Preserve
National Monuments, at a session held from 12 to 18 May 2009 the Commission
adopted a
D E C I S
I O N
I
The
natural and historic site of the necropolis with stećak tombstones, old nišan
tombstones and the remains of a mediaeval building at Dolovi near the village
of Umoljani, Municipality Trnovo, is hereby designated as a
National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: the National
Monument).
The
National Monument consists of:
a)
a necropolis with 47 stećak tombstones,
b)
eleven old nišan tombstones,
c)
the earth-covered remains of a building at Crkvina,
d) an
isolated stećak,
e)
a necropolis with five stećak tombstones.
The
National Monument is located on a site designated as cadastral plot no. 2079,
Land Register entry no. 157, c.p. 2080, Land Register entry no. 322, c.p. 2081,
Land Register entry no. 78, c.p. 2082, Land Register entry no. 84, c.p. 2086,
Land Register entry no. 45, c.p. 2087, Land Register entry no. 46, c.p. 2088,
Land Register entry no. 83, c.p. 2089, Land Register entry no. 84, c.p. 2106,
Land Register entry no. 61, c.p. 2107, Land Register entry no. 201, c.p. 2108,
Land Register entry no. 141, c.p. 2109, Land Register entry no. 56, c.p. 2110,
Land Register entry no. 141, c.p. 2114, Land Register entry no. 559, c.p. 2115,
Land Register entry no. 245, c.p. 2116, Land Register entry no. 155, c.p. 2117,
Land Register entry no. 124, c.p. 2118, Land Register entry no. 141, c.p. 2127,
Land Register entry no. 161, c.p. 2128, Land Register entry no. 293, c.p. 2129,
Land Register entry no. 462, c.p. 2133, Land Register entry no. 72, c.p. 2134,
Land Register entry no. 155, c.p. 2135, Land Register entry no. 153 and c.p.
2139, Land Register entry no. 341, cadastral municipality Umoljani,
Municipality Trnovo, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and
Herzegovina.
The
provisions relating to protection measures set forth by the Law on the
Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National
Monuments, established pursuant to Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement
for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of the Federation of BiH
nos. 2/02, 27/02, 6/04 and 51/07) shall apply to the National Monument.
II
The
Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: the
Government of the Federation) shall be responsible for ensuring and providing
the legal, scientific, technical, administrative and financial measures
necessary for the protection, conservation and presentation of the National
Monument.
The
Commission to Preserve National Monuments (hereinafter: the Commission) shall
determine the technical requirements and secure the funds for preparing and
setting up signboards with basic details of the monument and the Decision to
proclaim the property a National Monument.
III
To ensure
the on-going protection of the National Monument on the area defined in Clause
1 para. 3 of this Decision, the following measures are hereby
stipulated:
Protection
Level I pertains to c.p. 2080, 2106, 2110, 2115, 2127, 2128 and 2133. The
following protection measures shall apply to this protection level:
-
all works are prohibited
other than research and conservation and restoration works, including those
designed to display the monument, with the approval of the Federal ministry
responsible for regional planning (hereinafter: the relevant ministry) and
under the expert supervision of the heritage protection authority of the
Federation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina (hereinafter: the heritage
protection authority);
-
the stećak and nišan
tombstones shall be cleared of microorganisms in a non-destructive manner and
the site shall be cleared of self-sown vegetation;
-
the site of the National
Monument shall be open and accessible to the public, and may be used for
educational and cultural purposes;
-
building or other works
that could have the effect of altering the site are prohibited, as is the
erection of temporary facilities or permanent structures not designed solely
for the protection and presentation of the National Monument;
-
the dumping of waste is
prohibited;
-
a programme for the
arrangement, presentation and routine maintenance of the National Monument
shall be drawn up and implemented.
Protection
Level II consists of c.p. 2079, 2081, 2082, 2086, 2087, 2088, 2089, 2107,
2108, 2109, 2114, 2116, 2117, 2129, 2134, 2135 and 2139. The following
protection measures shall apply to this protection level:
-
the quarrying of stone,
tree-felling (with the exception of felling for the maintenance of forest
health and vitality), the construction of industrial facilities and major
infrastructure and of any properties or facilities that during construction or
operation could pose a threat to the National Monument are prohibited;
-
infrastructure works shall
be permitted subject to the approval of the relevant ministry and the expert
opinion of the heritage protection authority;
-
the site is a potential
archaeological site, and any investigative works must therefore be conducted in
the presence of an archaeologist.
In
addition to the above protection measures, the measures prescribed by the
Decision defining Igman, Bjelašnica, Treskavica and the river Rakitnica gorge
(Visočica) as an area with features of special importance for the Federation of
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of the Federation of BiH no. 8/05)
shall apply to the area of Protection Level II.
IV
All
movable artefacts found during the course of the archaeological survey shall be
deposited in the nearest museum or in the National Museum of Bosnia and
Herzegovina in Sarajevo,
processed, and suitably presented.
The
removal from Bosnia and
Herzegovina of the movable artefacts
referred to in the previous paragraph is prohibited.
By way of
exception to the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Clause, the temporary
removal from Bosnia and Herzegovina of the movable artefacts for the purposes
of display or conservation shall be permitted if the leader of the
investigations determines that a given artefact must be processed abroad, and
provides evidence to that effect to the Commission, which may permit the
temporary removal of the artefact from the country subject to detailed
conditions for its export, treatment while out of the country and return to
Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Upon
receipt of a report on the investigations conducted, the Commission shall
identify which movable artefacts shall be subject to protection measures to be
determined by the Commission.
In
granting permission for the temporary removal of the movable heritage, the
Commission shall stipulate all the conditions under which the removal from
Bosnia and Herzegovina may take place, the date by which the items shall be
returned to the country, and the responsibility of individual authorities and
institutions for ensuring that these conditions are met, and shall notify the
Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the relevant security
service, the customs authority of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the general
public accordingly.
V
All
executive and area development planning acts are hereby revoked to the extent
that they are not in accordance with the provisions of this Decision.
VI
Everyone,
and in particular the competent authorities of the Federation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina, the Canton, and urban and municipal authorities, shall refrain
from any action that might damage the National Monument or jeopardize the
preservation and rehabilitation thereof.
VII
The
Government of the Federation, the Federal Ministry responsible for regional
planning, the Federation heritage protection authority, and the Municipal
Authorities in charge of urban planning and land registry affairs, shall be
notified of this Decision in order to carry out the measures stipulated in
Articles II to VI of this Decision, and the Authorized Municipal Court shall be
notified for the purposes of registration in the Land Register.
VIII
The
elucidation and accompanying documentation form an integral part of this Decision,
which may be viewed by interested parties on the premises or by accessing the
website of the Commission (http://www.aneks8komisija.com.ba)
IX
Pursuant
to Art. V para 4 Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina,
decisions of the Commission are final.
X
This
Decision shall enter into force on the day following its publication in the
Official Gazette of BiH.
This
Decision has been adopted by the following members of the Commission: Zeynep
Ahunbay, Martin Cherry, Amra Hadžimuhamedović, Dubravko Lovrenović and Ljiljana
Ševo.
Broj: 02-2-40/2009-28
13. maja 2009. godine
Sarajevo
Chair of
the Commission
Amra
Hadžimuhamedović
E l u c i
d a t i o n
I – INTRODUCTION
Pursuant
to Article 2, paragraph 1 of the Law on the Implementation of the Decisions of
the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, established pursuant to Annex 8
of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a
“National Monument” is an item of public property proclaimed by the Commission
to Preserve National Monuments to be a National Monument pursuant to Articles V
and VI of Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and
Herzegovina and property entered on the Provisional List of National Monuments
of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of BiH no. 33/02) until the
Commission reaches a final decision on its status, as to which there is no time
limit and regardless of whether a petition for the property in question has
been submitted or not.
On 20
April 2009 Emir Šehić, a student of archaeology and art history at the Faculty
of the Humanities in Sarajevo, submitted a proposal/petition to designate the
natural ensemble of the necropolis with stećak tombstones at Dolovi, the
remains of the foundations of a church at Crkvina, an isolated stećak and the
remains of nišan tombstones in the village of Umoljani, Municipality Trnovo, as
a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Pursuant
to the provisions of the law, the Commission proceeded to carry out the
procedure for reaching a final decision to designate the Property as a National
Monument, pursuant to Article V of Annex 8 and Article 35 of the Rules of
Procedure of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments.
Statement of significance
The
national monument includes 53 stećak tombstones, 11 old nišan tombstones and
the remains of the foundations of a building, at six sites near the village of Umoljani
on Mt. Bjelašnica. The mediaeval tombstones
known as stećci (pl. of stećak) form part of an unbroken
sepulchral continuity in Bosnia that reaches far back into prehistoric times,
and are clearly associated with the older sites of prehistoric settlements and
places of worship, agglomerations and burial grounds dating from Antiquity, and
late Antique and early mediaeval churches and fortified towns. Their origins
and development can be traced from the mid 12th to the early 16th century. Most
of them were made of local stone, and are slab-shaped, chest-shaped or gabled
(sarcophagus-like). Many of them are decorated with realistic and symbolic
designs (rope twists, double zigzag bands, lines in relief and reverse relief,
vines with trefoils, scrolling vines, stylized crosses, Latin crosses, shields,
swords, circles and figural scenes of the round dance – the ritual dance of death
– a stylized tree with two pairs of spirals coiled symmetrical, and rosettes).
Nišan is
the term used to denote the upright tombstones marking the graves of Muslims in
Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Judging from the two basic variants of nišan tombstone represented here, the
rectangular tombstone with a pyramidal top and the stele-shaped tombstone, the
nišans date from the latter half of the 14th and first half of the 15th
centuries, making them among the earliest nišans in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The
decorations on the nišans are bands and demi-orbs.
The
anthropogenic nature of the site is obvious from the monuments dating from
mediaeval times and from the fact that the village of Umoljani
is still inhabited. The village is on Mt Bjelašnica, in a landscape of outstanding
natural beauty with a high degree of biodiversity of both flora and fauna.
II – PRELIMINARY PROCEDURE
In the
procedure preceding the adoption of a final decision to proclaim the property a
national monument, the following documentation was inspected:
-
Documentation on the
location and current owner and user of the property (copy of cadastral plan and
copy of land registry entry).
-
Data on the current
condition and use of the property, including a description and photographs,
data of war damage, data on restoration or other works on the property, etc.
-
Historical, architectural
and other documentary material on the property, as set out in the bibliography
forming part of this Decision.
The
findings based on the review of the above documentation and the condition of
the site are as follows:
1. Details of the property
Location
Zabjelašnica
is an upland region in a triangle of mountains, Bjelašnica, Treskavica and
Visočica, where the villages of Lukavac, Milišići, Kramari, Brda, Šabići,
Rakitnica, Bobovica, Ozimine, Pervizi, Sinanovići and Umoljani are located,
with Lukomir and Čuhovići a little further away. Heading for Sinanovići from
Šabići, after a few kilometres the road crosses a bridge over the river
Rakitnica, where the road that forks uphill to the right leads to the village of Umoljani. The village is at an altitude
of 1353 m, latitude 43° 40' 11", longitude 18° 13' 39", and belongs
administratively to Trnovo
Municipality. The
monuments are in Dolovi and Crkvina to the left and right of the road before
entering the village
of Umoljani.
The
National Monument is located on a site designated as cadastral plot no. 2079,
Land Register entry no. 157, c.p. 2080, Land Register entry no. 322, c.p. 2081,
Land Register entry no. 78, c.p. 2082, Land Register entry no. 84, c.p. 2086,
Land Register entry no. 45, c.p. 2087, Land Register entry no. 46, c.p. 2088,
Land Register entry no. 83, c.p. 2089, Land Register entry no. 84, c.p. 2106,
Land Register entry no. 61, c.p. 2107, Land Register entry no. 201, c.p. 2108,
Land Register entry no. 141, c.p. 2109, Land Register entry no. 56, c.p. 2110,
Land Register entry no. 141, c.p. 2114, Land Register entry no. 559, c.p. 2115,
Land Register entry no. 245, c.p. 2116, Land Register entry no. 155, c.p. 2117,
Land Register entry no. 124, c.p. 2118, Land Register entry no. 141, c.p. 2127,
Land Register entry no. 161, c.p. 2128, Land Register entry no. 293, c.p. 2129,
Land Register entry no. 462, c.p. 2133, Land Register entry no. 72, c.p. 2134,
Land Register entry no. 155, c.p. 2135, Land Register entry no. 153 and c.p.
2139, Land Register entry no. 341, cadastral municipality Umoljani,
Municipality Trnovo, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and
Herzegovina.
Historical information
Geographically
speaking, in terms of natural location Mt. Bjelašnica consists of the northern
Bosnian slopes (facing Hadžići, Pazarić, Trnovo and Raštelica), with no
permanent habitations, and the southern Herzegovinian slopes, which are
permanently inhabited. The southern part of Bjelašnica extends all the way to
the right (Bosnian) bank of the river Neretva(1). To the south of Bjelašnica is Mt. Visočica,
from which it is sharply divided by the river Rakitnica.
There are
permanent settlements in the south-eastern area of Bjelašnica, in so-called
“Lower Bjelašnica”, at an altitude above sea level of 1200 to 1500 m. Umoljani,
along with Šabići, Kramari, Lukavac, Brda and Malešići, is on the upper course
of the Rakitnica, on the right bank of the river. Reconnaissance in some of
these villages has identified remains dating from prehistory, and many of them
still bear mediaeval toponyms. The entire area around the river Rakitnica was
linked via Štirno do with the Sarajevo
plain and the settlements in the Miljacka valley, and with Konjic via Jagodin
do.
In the
late mediaeval period the area from the river Rakitnica from its source in the
east to the Trešanica riverlet in the west belonged to the administrative
district of Črešnjevo, within the Neretva župa (county). In the 15th
century the county
of Neretva was divided
into a Bosnian and a Herzegovinian part, with the river Neretva forming the
boundary. The Bosnian part extended as far as the right bank of the Neretva and
belonged to the Royal Lands district, while the Herzegovinian part comprised
the areas on the left bank of the Neretva, and was ruled by the Kosača family,
lords of the region. The centre of the administrative district was the town of
Češnjevo, which experienced its greatest degree of development in the 15th
century. It had a separate outskirts area (where present-day Konjic now stands)
and a customs house, since the busy road from the Neretva valley ran alongside
the town. The entire region, including the county of Češnjevo, probably fell
within the feudal holdings of the Bosnian kings, making it a royal domesne(2).
The
Ottomans occupied the area to the right bank of the Neretva in 1463. A census
dating from 1468/69 features the nahija of Češnjevo, but it is no longer
mentioned in the 1477 census(3). There
were large communities of Vlach herdsmen throughout almost the whole of the
administrative district of Češnjevo, permanent occupants of the katunas that
formed the counterpart to the rural (agricultural) Slav communities. In
Umoljani, Tušili and Šabići the toponym Varda is to be encountered, indicating
an organized military police service in the rural municipalities. The common
religious centre was probably in Umoljani, as it is to this day. A place called
Crkvina [indicating a church] lies between Umoljani and Šabići, and the main
mosque is in Umoljani. The same village has the toponym Igrište(4), one of the names associated
with pre-Christian places of worship, and often encountered in villages with
churches(5).
The
mediaeval tombstones of Bosnia
and Hum known as stećci became the subject of scholarly interest in not
entirely favourable circumstances, hundreds of years after they had become a
relic of a historic age. At the turn of the 18th-19th century, the western
world began to hear of the unusual art to be found on tombstones in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Dalmatia(6).
2. Description of the property
Heading
for Sinanovići from Šabići, after a few kilometres the road crosses a bridge
over the river Rakitnica, where the road that forks uphill to the right leads
to the village of
Umoljani. About 1.5 km
before entering the village, on the right of the road, is a slope where there
are 47 stećci (six slab-shaped, 32 chest-shaped, five tall chests and four
gabled)(7). The
site is known as Dolovi, and the plots on which the stećci stand are c.p. nos
2133 and 2135. Twelve of the tombstones are decorated: three slabs (stećci nos.
12, 16 and 20), three tall chests (stećci nos. 4, 8 and 10), four chests
(stećci nos. 6, 18, 29 and 40) and two gabled (stećci nos. 1 and 13). The
decorative motifs in this necropolis are rope twist, relief and reverse relief
lines, vines with trefoils, scrolling vines, a stylized cross, a Latin cross, a
shield, a sword, a circle, and a round-dance scene of the ritual dance of death
with eight human figures. Most of the stećci lie north-south with minor
deviations, but thirteen of them lie west-east.
Condition of the stećci
Stećak
no. 1. – gabled with plinth, decorated, lying north-south, covered with
lichen, overturned onto its west side; the stećak measures 170 x 50 x 88 cm; the
plinth measures 209 x 60 x 32 cm.
A rope
twist extends along the sides of the roof panes and across the ends of the
stećak. The decoration is in relief, and is quite badly damaged.
Stećak
no. 2. – tall chest with plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, covered
with moss and lichen, partly buried to the height of the plinth on the west
side; the stećak measures 150 x 68 (60 cm at the base) x 75 cm; the plinth
measures 190 x 90 x 25 cm.
Stećak
no. 3. – slab, undecorated, lying slightly off north-south, partly
buried and covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 190 x 102 x 22 cm.
Stećak
no. 4. – tall chest with decoration, lying west-east, partly buried and
covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 178 x 103 x 73 cm.
A groove
runs across the middle of the top, indicating that this tombstone marks a
double grave.
Stećak
no. 5. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, covered
with moss and lichen; the stećak measures176 x 83 x 51 cm.
Stećak
no. 6. – chest with plinth, decorated, lying north-south, covered with
moss and lichen, partly buried on the west side; the stećak measures 176 x 87 x
49 cm.
Two
parallel lines in relief and reverse relief run along the edges of the ends and
sides of the stećak.
Stećak
no. 7. – gabled with plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, covered
with moss and overgrown with weeds, partly buried to the height of the plinth
and leaning to the west. The tombstone is badly cracked and damaged by changes
to the weather; the stećak measures 190 x 77 (61 at the base) x 80 cm.
Stećak
no. 8. – tall chest with plinth, decorated, lying north-south, covered
with moss and lichen, partly buried to plinth height on the east side, cracked
below the figural scene on the west side of the stećak; the stećak measures 195
x 84 (71 at the base) x 86 cm; the plinth measures 217 x 97 x 21 cm.
A
decorative vine with trefoils runs all the way round the stećak just below the
top. On the west side is a figural scene of the round dance, the ritual dance
of death with eight human figures. The clothes the figures are wearing suggest
that both men and women are dancing, making this a mixed round dance.
Stećak
no. 9. – slab without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, partly
buried and covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 187 x 117 x 45 cm.
Stećak
no. 10. – tall chest without plinth, decorated, lying north-south,
overturned onto its east side, damaged and covered with moss and lichen; the stećak
measures 165 x 70 x 90 cm.
The ends
bear the outlines of a spiral decoration. On the top, forming a barely
identifiable frame, is a band of diagonal lines, and on the north part of the
stećak is a sword. A vine with trefoils runs the length of the west side of the
stećak under the top edge; below the vine is an arcade of round-headed arches.
Stećak
no. 11. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, covered
with lichen; the stećak measures 212 x 75 x 73 cm.
Stećak
no. 12. – slab, decorated, lying north-south, covered with lichen, partly
buried and damaged; the stećak measures 199 x 139 x 40 cm.
The top
of the stećak is marked with two parallel lines running lengthwise down the
middle, indicating that it stands over a double grave. A line that can be
faintly made out on the middle of the stećak suggests that there was probably a
decoration there, identical to the one on no 16, consisting of a stylized
cross.
Stećak
no. 13. – gabled with plinth, decorated, lying north-south, leaning and
partly buried to plinth height on the west side, cut from poor quality stone so
that the decorations are hard to make out; the stećak measures 184 x 68 x 100
cm.
A
badly-damaged rope twist extends below the sides of the roof panes and across
the ends of the stećak. The vertical edges of the ends are accentuated by
hollow lines. Both ends bear the same decoration of a double spiral, with a
rosette in the gable. A decorative vine with trefoils runs along the west side
below the roof pane, and can just be made out on the east side. At the top of
the roof panes are very badly damaged demi-orbs on both sides. All the
decorations are in a combination of relief and reverse relief.
Stećak
no. 14. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying west-east, partly
buried on the east side, covered with lichen; the stećak measures 166 x 60 x 51
cm.
Stećak
no. 15. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying west-east, covered
with lichen; the stećak measures 200 x 81 x 79 cm.
Stećak
no. 16. – slab, decorated, lying west-east, covered with lichen; the stećak
measures 190 x 141 x 50 cm.
The top
of the stećak is marked with two parallel lines running lengthwise down the
middle, indicating that it stands over a double grave. In the middle of the
stećak is a barely identifiable stylized cross.
Stećak
no. 17. – chest, undecorated, lying slightly off west-east, covered with
lichen; the stećak measures 193 x 80 x 80 cm.
Stećak
no. 18. – chest with plinth , decorated, lying north-south, covered with
moss and lichen; the stećak measures 135 x 77 x 48 cm.
The
stećak is decorated with a shield in relief on the top surface.
Stećak
no. 19. – tall chest with plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, covered
with moss and lichen, partly buried to plinth height; the stećak measures 105 x
63 x 114 cm.
Stećak
no. 20. – slab, decorated, lying north-south, covered with moss and
lichen; the stećak measures 180 x 119 x 35 cm.
The top
of the stećak is marked with a single line running lengthwise down the middle,
indicating that it stands over a double grave. The top of the east side bears a
rectangle formed by two lines inside which is a cross with the top and cross
arms of equal length and the lower upright longer. The top of the cross is
rounded at the end. The decorations on this stećak are in reverse relief.
Stećak
no. 21. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, partly
buried, covered with moss and lichen and overgrown with juniper; the stećak
measures 136 x 60 x 25 cm.
Stećak
no. 22. – slab, undecorated, lying north-south, partly buried, cover with
moss and lichen and overgrown with brambles; the stećak measures 184 x 110 x 4
cm.
Stećak
no. 23. – chest, undecorated, lying slightly off north-south, covered
with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 182 x 82 x 46 cm.
Stećak
no. 24. – chest, undecorated, lying north-south, partly buried and
covered with moss and lichen, cracked and damaged on the east side; the stećak
measures 185x 77 x 45 cm.
Stećak
no. 25. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, partly
buried, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures175 x 80 x 50 cm.
Stećak
no. 26. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, partly
buried, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 191 x 88 x 25 cm.
Stećak
no. 27. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, partly
buried, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 210 x 110 x 20 cm.
Stećak
no. 28. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, partly
buried, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 172 x 90 x 36 cm.
Stećak
no. 29. – chest without plinth, decorated, lying north-south, partly
buried and covered with moss and lichen, damaged on the west side; the stećak
measures 176 x 93 x 26 cm.
A line in
relief runs lengthwise along the middle of the top surface, indicating that the
tombstone stands over a double grave. Unlike the other chest-shaped tombstones,
the north end of this one ends in a ridge.
Stećak
no. 30. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, almost
completely buried, covered with moss and lichen, and with cracks on the
surface; the stećak measures 110 cm long x 57 cm wide.
Stećak
no. 31. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, with a
crudely finished top surface, partly buried, covered with moss and lichen; the
stećak measures 186 x 100 x 24 cm.
Stećak
no. 32. – gabled, undecorated, lying slightly off north-south, partly
buried, covered with lichen and moss, changes to the weather (ice and severe
winters) have resulted in part of the north end of stećak being broken off
along its height; the stećak measures 125 x 65 x 68 cm.
Stećak
no. 33. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, partly
buried, covered with moss and lichen and overgrown with grass; the stećak
measures 122 x 84 x 10 cm.
Stećak
no. 34. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, partly
buried, covered with moss and lichen and overgrown with brambles; the stećak
measures 144 x 93 x 17 cm.
Stećak
no. 35. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, of good
workmanship, partly buried, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures
174 x 80 x 48 cm.
Stećak
no. 36. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, with a
crudely finished top surface, partly buried, covered with moss and lichen; the
stećak measures 195 x 105 x 15 cm.
Stećak
no. 37. – chest, undecorated and without plinth, lying west-east, covered
with lichen; the stećak measures 190 x 70 x 58 cm.
Stećak
no. 38. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, covered
with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 135 x 77 x 48 cm.
The
tombstone is rectangular in shape with the south end angled and without sharp
edges. In Š. Bešlagić's classification, this is a type of tombstone of which
the end is arched (Š. Bešlagić, 1982, 87).
Stećak
no. 39. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, finely
finished, partly buried, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 173
x 116 x 36 cm.
Stećak
no. 40. – chest, decorated, lying north-south, covered with moss and
lichen; the stećak measures 170 x 71 x 25 cm; diameter of the circle 25 cm.
The top
is decorated with a circular motif in relief, with a line to the west of the
same length as the diameter of the circle.
Stećak
no. 41. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying west-east, partly buried,
covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 170 x 96 x 31 cm.
Stećak
no. 42. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying west-east, partly
buried, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 170 x 90 x 16 cm.
Stećak no.
43. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying west-east, partly
buried, covered with moss and lichen, with only the east end visible; the
stećak measures 60 cm (visible length) x 66 cm wide x 10 cm (visible height).
Stećak
no. 44. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying west-east, partly
buried, covered with moss and lichen, with only the east end visible; the
stećak measures 50 cm (visible length) x 70 cm wide x 5 cm (visible height).
Stećak
no. 45. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying slightly off
west-east, partly buried on the north-east side, covered with moss and lichen; the
stećak measures188 x 68 x 29 cm.
Stećak
no. 46. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying slightly off
west-east, partly buried on the north-east side, covered with moss and lichen; the
stećak measures 196 x 86 x 15 cm.
Stećak
no. 47. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying slightly off
west-east, partly buried on the north-east side,, covered with moss and lichen;
the stećak measures 184 x 111 x 24 cm.
Condition of the nišans above
Dolovi
Three old
nišans have been found about 200 m north of the necropolis, on a plot
designated as c.p. no.2110, with another eight about 300 m away, on a plot
designated as c.p. no. 2080.
Judging
from the two basic variants of nišan tombstone represented here, the
rectangular tombstone with a pyramidal top and the stele-shaped tombstone, the
nišans date from the latter half of the 14th and first half of the 15th
centuries, making them among the earliest nišans in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Nišan
no.1.
Fallen
stele-shaped nišan, without epitaph, with a carved band, measuring 31 x 7 cm in
section and 108 cm in height.
Nišan
no.2.
Fallen
stele-shaped nišan, without epitaph, with a carved band and a carved demi-orb
at the top and side, measuring 30 x 15 cm in section and 117 cm in height.
Nišan
no.3.
Nišan
without epitaph, broken and partly buried.
Nišan
no.4.
Stele-shaped
nišan, almost completely buried, with only the top visible above ground.
Nišan
no.5.
Fallen
stele-shaped nišan, without epitaph, with a carved band and a carved demi-orb
at the top, measuring 36 x 11 cm in section and 173 cm in height.
Nišan
no.6.
Fallen
nišan, undecorated and partly buried, pyramidal top, rectangular in section
with sides of 36 x 15 cm and a height of 186 cm.
Nišan
no.7.
Fallen
nišan, undecorated and partly buried, pyramidal top, rectangular in section
with sides of 25 x 17 cm and a height of 188 cm.
Nišan
no.8.
Fallen
nišan, undecorated and partly buried, pyramidal top, rectangular in section
with sides of 32 x 18 cm and a height of 185 cm.
Nišan
no.9.
Nišan
without epitaph, broken and partly buried, 30 cm in width and 60 cm in height.
Nišan
no.10.
Fallen
stele-shaped nišan, without epitaph or decoration, measuring 36 x 16 cm in
section and 195 cm in height.
Nišan
no.11.
Nišan
leaning to the north, undecorated, pyramidal top, square in section with sides
of 32 cm and a height of 165 cm.
Remains of the church
Karl
Patsch recorded a tradition among the residents of the village of Umoljani,
who believe there had been a church below the village, at a place called
Crkvina. Here Patsch observed “worked stone sticking up through the turf.”(8) P. Anđelić and Š. Bešlagić also recorded the
foundations of a building or old church(9).
The fact
that in mediaeval times Umoljani was the religious centre for the neighbouring
villages of Tušila and Šabići also suggests that there could have been a church
here.
During
the survey of the monuments at the sites in Umoljani, prompted by the accounts
given by these authorities, the possible site of this uninvestigated building
was identified. Using images from Google Earth and on-site photographs, the
remains of the building with a diameter of 50 m were identified, but it would
be possible to identify the remains, and perhaps the features of the building,
with certainty only on the basis of detailed archaeological excavations. These
findings would place the church on plot no. c.p. 2118, bounded by plots 2107,
2108 and 2117. The site of the church is grassed over and all that can be seen
are the outlines of the foundations beneath the soil.
Isolated stećak – gabled with
plinth, decorated
Standing
on a hillock about 500 m as the crow flies west of Dolovi, the stećak is
located on plot c.p. no. 2127, lying west-east, overturned onto its north side
and partly buried. Cracks can be seen on the roof pane and plinth, covered with
moss and lichen; the stećak measures 121 x 30 x 112 cm; the plinth measures 160
x 55 x 28 cm.
A rope
twist runs the length of the south roof pane, below which, on the sides of the
stećak, is a double band of zigzag lines. The same decoration probably features
on the north side, but this could not be verified since the stećak is lying on
that side.
Both ends
bear the same decoration – a stylized tree with two pairs of
symmetrically-coiled spirals. The east gable has a rosette, but the decoration
in the west gable is missing, as the stećak is damaged at that point. The
decorations are in a combination of relief and reverse relief(10).
Necropolis with five stećci(11)
Five
almost completely buried chest-shaped stećci were found about 200 m west of the
isolated stećak, on plot no. c.p. 2106.
Stećak
no. 1. – chest almost completely buried, lying west-east, covered with lichen
and overgrown with grass; the stećak measures 110 cm long x 60 cm wide.
Stećak
no. 2. – chest almost completely buried, lying west-east, covered with
moss and lichen; the stećak measures 135 cm long x 53 cm wide.
Stećak
no. 3. – chest almost completely buried, lying west-east, covered with
soil and grass with only parts of the stećak visible; the stećak measures 150
cm long x 75 cm wide.
Stećak
no. 4. – chest almost completely buried, lying west-east, covered with
moss and lichen; the stećak measures 145 cm long x 58 cm wide.
Stećak
no. 5. – chest almost completely buried, lying west-east, covered with
soil and grass with only parts of the stećak visible; the stećak measures 150
cm long x 66 cm wide.
Natural heritage
Bosnia and Herzegovina is rich
in varied climates, flora, fauna, water sources and river basins, and a
diversity of old cultures. The natural environment, enriched by human action,
becomes part of the cultural heritage. The valleys of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s
main rivers and their tributaries, large and small, constitute areas of natural
beauty of the highest order. In themselves, they would not form part of the
country‘s cultural and historical heritage, but they are not untouched, virgin
nature: everywhere, people have added something of their own, modest in human
terms, but never such as to cause any loss of the natural environment.
Mt. Bjelašnica
lies to the south-west of Sarajevo.
The south-western area of Bjelašnica which formed part of the Crown Lands,
Neretva župa (county), is much lower in altitude than the north-western area
which belonged to Gradčac county, also part of the Crown Lands in the 15th
century. This meant that permanent habitation was possible in the south-western
area, while the north-western area was used only as summer pasturage by
herders. Unlike other mountains, permanently-inhabited villages are found at
altitudes of between 1300 and 1500 metres on Mt. Bjelašnica.
The only permanently-inhabited village listed in a 1468 census was Umoljani,
with 31 military reservists‘ households, in the timar [feudal holding]
of Skender, the sultan’s ghulam [servant](12).
The
Bjelašnica and Igman mountain massif belongs to the central range of the
Dinaric mountain chain, in the high-altitude region of Mts Površi and Brda,
while geotectonically it belongs to the mesozoic limestone and dolomite zone
with central Bosnian schist mountains at its heart(13). Between the altitudes of 700
and 1,300 m is a complex of rendzina and brown soils, with rendzina dominating
from 1,300 to 2,000 m. These geomorphological characteristics, combined with
climatic conditions, have led to the development of an extremely heterogeneous
soil and plant cover(14).
To the
south, south-west and south-east, Bjelašnica is sharply delineated, whereas to
the north-west it is linked, via Ivan-planina (Mt Ivan) with Bitovija.
Bjelašnica forms the natural link between the mountains of Bosnia and those of Herzegovina. The main herders‘
route through the mountain ran east-west, connecting the villages of Umoljani,
Brdo, Krameri and others with Sarajevo via Mt. Igman,
and with Konjic to the west(15).
The
geographical location and orographic structure have dictated the specific
climate of this mountain massif, which separates an area with a distinctly
Mediterranean climate from one with a continental climate. In general terms,
two climate types are to be observed here – upland or subalpine, on the lower
uplands, and alpine, on the higher mountain areas(16). The coldest month is February (Bjelašnica -7.4 °C), and the
warmest is June (Bjelašnica 10.1 °C). The average monthly and annual air
temperature on Bjelašnica is 1 °C. The highest levels of precipitation occur in
September, October and December, a total of 382 mm. Snow cover lasts from
September to the end of May or mid June, and it is not uncommon for snow to
fall on Bjelašnica in summer. The winds on Bjelašnica alternate between those
blowing from the sea (south winds) and those blowing from land (north winds),
with high winds almost every third day(17).
The
Tušilačka joins the Rakitnica just before Dolovi. To the east of Dolovi is a
smaller, nameless brook, and to the west is the Šklope brook, both flowing into
the Rakitnica.
These
abiotic features, together with considerable impact from zooanthropological
factors, have led to the development on Bjelašnica of a distinct flora and
vegetation(18).
The plant
cover in Dolovi and Crkvina mainly consists of low-growing plants, shrubs and
small communities of deciduous trees. The vegetation on the surrounding hills
is either similar, or dense mixed forest, on both sides of the road leading to
the village of Umoljani, Dolovi and Crkvina and the
surrounding hills constitute a natural entity.
Dinaric
forest communities of beech and fir (with spruce) of neutrophile character,
forming a marked belt of forest vegetation, have formed on limestone soils,
dolomitising limestones and moraine deposits. This community is one of the
forest communities that is richest in plant species on Bjelašnica, dominated by
mesophile-neutrophile-basophile species. The dominant species are beech, fir
and spruce, which are not found in the areas strongly influenced by sub-Mediterranean
climate. The shrubby layer includes Euonymus latifolia, Lonicera alpigena,
Lonicera xylosteum, Lonicera nigra and Rhamnus fallax. Ground-layer
plants include the following species: Asarum europaeum, Pulmonaria
officinalis, Lilium martagon, Paris
quadrifolia and Cardamine enneaphyllos.
Above
these is a belt of subalpine beech (Aceri-Fagetum subalpinum Horv. et al.
1974), typically of fastigiate habit, with a relatively short vegetative
period. The extreme climatic conditions, which become still more marked at the
upper limit of this type of forest, mean that it is primarily of a protective
nature. The tree and shrub layer includes the following species: Fagus
sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus, Rhamnus fallax, Salix silesiaca, Lonicera
barbasiama, Ribes alpinum and Rubus saxatilis. Ground-layer plants
include Adenostyles alliariae, Cirsium erisithales, Ranunculus
platanifolius, Valeriana montana
and Valeriana tripteris. At the boundary of this belt and the
mountain-pine belt are small groups on the slopes of Hranisava (Mugo-Pinetum
leucodermis Fuk. 1966), relict populations destroyed by grazing, and now an
endangered natural feature that must be protected. Thermophile species, including
Scabiosa leucophylla, Erica carnea, Brachypodium pinnatum and Calamagrostis
varia, are found within this community.
The
Rakitnica gorge, with its steep slopes and crags and shallow soils much
influenced by the sub-Mediterranean climate, contains thermophile communities
of downy oak and hop hornbeam (Querco-Ostryetum carpinifoliae Horv. 1938
s.lat) and of manna ash and hop hornbeam (Ostryo-Ornetum Fuk. et Stef.
1958). The tree species found within these communities include Quercus
pubescens, Ostrya carpinifolia, Fraxinus ornus and Sorbus torminalis;
among shrubby species are Cornus mas, Rhamnus cathartica, Viburnum lantana,
Cotinus coggygria, Amelanchier ovalis and Cotoneaster tomentosa. The
ground-plant layer includes many light-loving species, including Chrysanthemum
corymbosum, Teucrium chamaedrys, Mercurialis ovata, Galium lucidum, Stachys
recta and Thymus serpyllum(19).
Endemic
alpine meadow species
- Sesleria juncifolia
- Sesleria coerulens
- Festuca panciciana
- Festuca bosniaca
- Senecio bosniacus
- Veronica satureioides
- Gentiana dinarica
- Gentiana symphyandra
- Gentianella crispata
Glacial
relicts
- Dryas octopetala
- Polygonum viviparum
- Gentiana kochiana
- Nigritella nigra
- Potentilla clusiana
- Arnica montana
- Jasione orbiculata
- Achillea lingulata
- Lilium bosniacum
High alpine
flora of the alpine pastures, rocky terrain and Rakitnica gorge
Plants
found in the glacial cirques of Bjelašnica belong to the endemic association
Amphoricarpion autariati, and communities in the limestone gorge of the
Rakitnica and on dolomitic soils, where the following species of this
distinctive flora have been recorded:
- Edraianthus serpyllifolius
- Saxifraga caryophylla
- Minuartia clandestina
- Silene pusilla
- Alchemilla velebitica
- Cerastium dinaricum
The
following species are found on limestone soils
- Dripis linneana
- Arabis alpina,
- Heracleum balcanicum,
- Stachys recta(20)
As
regards fauna, the ichthyopopulation of the Tušilačka river and Rakitnica
consists exclusively of salmonids(21).
Reptiles
include the globally endangered meadow viper, Vipera ursini macrops,
classified as endangered by IUCN, along with other vipers – V. berus
bosniaca, V. amodites – and other snakes including Coronella austriaca,
Coluber sp, the legless lizard Anguis fragilis, other lizard species
– Lacerta vivipara, L. viridis, L. fragilis, L. Muralis – and frogs Hyla
arborea and Rana agilis.
The
area is also rich in invertebrates, with 127 recorded species of butterflies
and moths (Lepidoptera) and 29 of grasshoppers (Orthoptera). The
area is also the habitat of no fewer than 24 species recorded as endangered in Europe.
Invertebrates
classed as threatened in Europe, present in
the Igman-Bjelašnica-Treskavica-Visočica area
-
Threatened: Maculinea
nausithous (butterfly), Maculinea teleius (butterfly), Apatura
metis (butterfly)
-
Vulnerable: Dolomedes
plantarius (spider), Saga pedo (bush cricket), Hyles hippophaes
(moth)
-
Rare: Helix pomatia
(gastropod - snail), Troglophantes gracilis (spider), Troglophantes
similes (spider), Troglophantes spinipes (spider), Parnassius
apollo (butterfly), Erebia ottomana (butterfly), Epimyrma ravouxi
(ant)
-
Insufficiently known: Microcondylae
compressa (fresh-water mussel), Unio elegantus (fresh-water mussel),
Hirudo medicinalis (leech), Leucorrhinia pectoralis (dragonfly), Myrmeleon
formicarius (antlion), Syrichtus tesselum (butterfly), Papilio
alexanor (butterfly), Zerynthia polyxena (butterfly), Erebia
calcari (butterfly)
The wider
area has some 110 species of bird, including, among confirmed birds of prey,
the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) and the short-toed eagle (Circaetus
gallicus), the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), the common
kestrel (Falco tinninculus), the goshawk (Accipiter gentilis),
the Eurasian sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) and the Levant sparrowhawk (Accipiter
brevipes).Only one species on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species,
the globally near-threatened corncrake (Crex crex), is found in the area(22).
Key
species of mammals are present in the area; the brown bear (Ursus arctos L),
the wolf (Canis lupus L) and the chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra
balcanica L), as well as another sixty or so species of mammal. Among
larger mammals, the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), wild boar (Sus
scrofa), pine marten (Martes martes) – which is already becoming
very rare – the stoat (Mustele erminea), the wild cat (Felix
silvestris) and the lynx (Lynx lynx) are of particular note(23).
The
anthropogenic nature of the site is obvious from the monuments dating from
mediaeval times as well as the continuity of habitation in the village of Umoljani. Herding is not the only
pursuit on Mt. Bjelašnica: the residents also hunt
large mammals and birds, as do the members of hunting clubs. Hunting is often a
threat to key species such as the wolf, which uses Dolovi as part of its
territory. A species that needs to be left in peace while breeding and raising
its young, wolves retreat to other areas when disturbed by felling in their
territory during their reproductive cycle. Since felling creates gaps and open
areas in forest communities, forming ideal feeding grounds for wild ungulates
(deer and wild boar), the wolf invariably returns, as a predator species
directly associated with the populations of its prey, wild ungulates(24). The site can also be used as
grazing for small farm animals.
3. Legal status to date
The
Regional Plan for BiH to 2000 lists 22 sites of necropolises with stećci (1,520
tombstones) in Trnovo
Municipality, without
precise identification, treating them as Category III monuments.
4. Research and conservation and
restoration works
Research,
consisting of recording the monuments in the village of Umoljani
and gathering relevant information, was first carried out by Karl Patsch, who
published his findings in 1902, followed by Šefik Bešlagić, who
published in 1971, and Pavao Anđelić, who published in 1975.
Bosnia and Herzegovina became
the object of research by natural scientists at a relatively late date. The
first serious botanical studies were conducted in the mid 19th century and are
associated with the name of Sedtner, who in 1849 published the first
scientific findings of his travels through Bosnia in 1947. Over the
next few decades, scientific botanical studies were of a sporadic nature, and
it was only at the end of the 19th century that there were major studies
by Formanek, Vandas, Landauer, Sündermann, Bornmüller and Beck-Mannagetta (Riter-Studnička,
1956). The latter was the first to write about the flora of this country.
K. Malý, who came to Sarajevo at
the turn of the 19th century, spent the next fifty years in intensive study,
making an immense contribution to our knowledge of the flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina
(Fukarek, 1951).
Being so
close to Sarajevo,
Igman and Bjelašnica have often been the object of study visits by botanists,
both in former times and now. Those who studied the plant life of the area are
Bornmüller, Landauer, A.Ademović (Beck, 1886), P. Fukarek (1962),
Riter-Studnička (1957), and P.Grgić (1980). (P.Grgić, 1980, 59-60)
No
conservation or restoration works have been carried out.
5. Current condition of the property
The
findings of on-site inspections conducted on 21 and 28 April and 1 May 2009
are as follows:
-
the stećci are at risk of
rapid deterioration from lack of maintenance,
-
some of the stećci are
chipped, damaged, overturned, or partly or wholly buried,
-
the site with the stećci
is on a plot that is not fenced off, which enables the local people to use the
plot as pasture for their livestock,
-
the stećci are covered to
a greater or lesser extent with lichen and moss,
-
most of the upper surfaces
are more or less damaged (cracks, splits, shallow cracks),
-
three nišans were found
about 200 m to the north, with another eight about 300 m further away,
overturned and partly buried,
-
about 500 west of the
necropolis is an isolated stećak on a hillock, overturned, partly buried and
somewhat damaged. Nearby are the outlines of a building that could be the
remains of the church mentioned in reference works,
-
about 200 m west of the
isolated stećak, on another hillock, are another five stećci which are almost
completely buried, covered in moss and overgrown with grass,
-
since the 1992-1995 war an
asphalt road has been laid on this site, leading to the village of Umoljani,
-
as plant growth resumes in
spring, the necropolis becomes overgrown with grass and brambles, a further cause
of damage to the stećci,
-
the use of open flame
between the nišans has been observed,
-
the site with the stećci
is at risk of landslip on the west side if the road should be further widened.
6. Specific risks
-
at Dolovi there is the
risk of landslip on the west side if the road should be further widened,
-
vandalism (smashing and
overturning the stećci, destroying the decorations, etc.),
-
disintegration of the
tombstones from long-term lack of maintenance,
-
adverse weather
conditions,
-
self-sown vegetation.
III – CONCLUSION
Applying
the Criteria for the adoption of a decision on proclaiming an item of property
a national monument (Official Gazette of BiH nos. 33/02 and 15/03), the
Commission has enacted the Decision cited above.
The
Decision was based on the following criteria:
A. Time frame
B. Historical value
C. Artistic and aesthetic value
C.i. quality of workmanship
C.ii. quality of materials
C.iii. proportions
C.v. value of details
D. Clarity
D.i. material evidence of a lesser known
historical era.
E. Symbolic value
E.i. ontological value
E.ii. religious value
E.v. significance for the identity of a group of
people
F. Townscape/landscape value
F.iii. the building or group of buildings is part
of a group or site.
G. Authenticity
G.i. form and design
G.ii. material and content
G.iii. use and function
G.iv. tradition and techniques
G.v. location and setting
The
following documents form an integral part of this Decision:
-
Copy of cadastral plan
-
Copy of land register
entry
-
Photographs taken on site.
Bibliography
During
the procedure to designate the monument as a national monument of Bosnia
and Herzegovina the following works were
consulted:
1902. Patsch, Karl. “Rimska mjesta u konjičkom kotaru” (Roman sites in
the county of Konjic). Sarajevo:
Jnl of the National
Museum, 1902, 331.
1932. Popović, Jovo. “Ljetni stanovi (mahale) na planini Bjelašnici”
(Summer living quarters [mahalas] on Mt.Bjelašnica), Jnl of the National
Museum in Sarajevo (Volumes for Natural Sciences) XLIV/1932. Sarajevo: 1932, 55-96.
1971. Bešlagić, Šefik. Stećci, kataloško-topografski pregled
(Stećak tombstones, a catalogue and topographical survey). Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša, 1971, 142-143.
1975. Anđelić, Pavao. Historijski spomenici Konjica i okoline
(Historic monuments of Konjic and environs). Konjic: 1975.
1980. Various authors. Regional Plan for Bosnia and Herzegovina; Stage B -
valorization of natural, cultural and historical monuments. Sarajevo: Institute for architecture, town planning and
regional planning of the Faculty of Architecture in Sarajevo, 1980.
1982. Anđelić, Pavao. “Teritorijalno politička organizacija župe
Neretve i njezino mjesto u širim političkim okvirima,” u: Studije o
teritorijalnopolitičkoj organizaciji Bosne i Hercegovine od najstarijih vremena
do pada ovih zemalja pod osmansku vlast (Territorial and political
organization of the Neretva county and its place in the wider political
context, in: Study on the territorial and political organization of Bosnia and
Herzegovina from ancient times to the fall of these lands under Ottoman rule). Sarajevo: 1982.
1982. Bešlagić, Šefik. Stećci-kultura i umjetnost (Stećak
tombstones – culture and art), Sarajevo:
1982.
1982. Šabanović, Hazim. Bosanski pašaluk (The Bosnian pashaluk).
Sarajevo: Svjetlost,
1982.
1991. Tabaković-Tošić, Mara et.al. “Prilog poznavanju faune carabidae
(Coleoptera) planinskog masiva Igman-Bjelašnica” (Contribution to Knowledge of
the Carabidae [Coleoptera] fauna of the Igman-Bjelašnica Mountain Massif), Jnl
of the National Museum of BiH – Natural History. Sarajevo: 1991, 139-154.
1999. Beljkašić-Hadžidedić, Ljiljana. Bošnjačka nošnja na Bjelašnici
(Bosniac costume on Bjelašnica). Sarajevo:
1999.
2004. Brown, Jessica, Mitchell, Nora and Beresford, Michael (Eds)
(2004). The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and
Community. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK:
2004.
2004. Bešlagić, Šefik. Leksikon stećaka (Lexicon of Stećak
Tombstones). Sarajevo:
Svjetlost, 2004.
2005. Mušeta-Aščerić, Vesna. Sarajevo
i njegova okolina u 15. stoljeću (Sarajevo
and Environs in the 15th century). Sarajevo:
2005.
2006. Karović, Elma; Kunovac, Saša. Područje sa posebnim
karakteristikama: Igman-Bjelašnica-Treskavica i Kanjon Rakitnice (Visočica) (An
Area with Distinctive Features: Igman-Bjelašnica-Treskavica and the Rakitnica
Gorge [Visočica]), Report. Sarajevo:
2006.
2006. Berilo, Zejnil. Aktuelno stanje populacije Velikog Tetrijeba u
planinskom kompleksu Igmana i Bjelašnice (Current State
of the Capercaillie Population of the Mountain Complex of Igman and
Bjelašnica). Sarajevo: University of Sarajevo,
2006.
2008. Various authors. Prirodna baština Kantona Sarajevo (Natural
Heritage of Sarajevo Canton). Sarajevo:
2008.
(1) Popović, Jovo,
“Ljetni stanovi (mahale) na planini Bjelašnici,” Sarajevo: Jnl of the National Museum in
Sarajevo (natural history) XLIV/1932. 59; Beljkašić-Hadžidedić, Ljiljana, Bošnjačka
nošnja na Bjelašnici, Sarajevo:
1999, 8.
(2) Anđelić,
Pavao, “Teritorijalno-politička organizacija župe Neretve i njezino mjesto u
širim političkim okvirima,” In: Studije o teritorijalno-političkoj
organizaciji Bosne i Hercegovine od najstarijih vremena do pada ovih zemalja
pod osmansku vlast, Sarajevo: 1982, 113.;
Anđelić, Pavao, Historijski spomenici Konjica i okoline, Konjic: 1975, 157,
305; Šabanović, Hazim, Bosanski pašaluk, Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1982, 126.
(3) Šabanović,
Hazim, Op.cit, Sarajevo:
„Svjetlost“, 1982, 116-126. + map, p.128.; Anđelić, Pavao, Op.cit., Konjic:
1975, 308.
(4) Igrište
(Igrišće) – usually small hillocks or terraces used as dancing grounds, close
to an inhabited area, arrayed around larger villages forming the geographical
centre of a group of villages. They usually feature in villages with churches,
though not close to the church. For the Slavs, dance was an integral part of
ritual, and even today every gathering, outing or village fair in the
Zabjelašnica area is spatially and temporally associated with religious rituals
(Anđelić, 1975, 286).
(5) Anđelić,
Pavao, Op.cit., Konjic: 1975, 266-293.
(6) For more on
stećci, see the Decision of the Commission designating the historic site of
the Mramorje necropolis with stećci and old nišans in Lavšići, municipality
Olovo, as a national monument
of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
no. 02-02-228/07-9 dated 5 November 2008, and the web site of the Commission:
www.aneks8komisija.com.ba
(7) Pavao
Anđelić states that Vaclav Radimsky recorded 51 tombstones on this site (34
slabs and 17 gabled), while he recorded 47 (six slabs, 37 chests and four
gabled). (P. Anđelić, op.cit., 1975, 202, 219). Š. Bešlagić recorded the same
number as P. Anđelić. (Š. Bešlagić, op.cit., 1971, 179).
(8) Patsch,
Karl, “Rimska mjesta u konjičkom kotaru,” Sarajevo:
Jnl of the National Museum, 1902, 331.
(9) Anđelić,
Pavao, Op.cit., Konjic: 1975, 219; Bešlagić, Šefik, Stećci-kataloško-topografski
pregled, Sarajevo:
IP Veselin Masleša, 1971, 179.
(10)
Strikingly, this type of decoration on this stećak was not noted either by P.
Anđelić, Š. Bešlagić, or M. Wenzel.
(11) This necropolis with five stećci is not
recorded in any of the reference works.
(12)
Mušeta-Aščerić, Vesna, Sarajevo
i njegova okolina u 15. stoljeću, Sarajevo:
2005, 30.
(13)
Tabaković-Tošić, Mara et.al., “Prilog poznavanju faune carabidae (Coleoptera)
planinskog masiva Igman-Bjelašnica,” Jnl of the National Museum of BiH –
natural history, Sarajevo:
1991, 139-154.
(14) Berilo,
Zejnil, Aktuelno stanje populacije Velikog Tetrijeba u planinskom kompleksu
Igmana i Bjelašnice, Sarajevo:
Univerzitet Sarajevo, 2006, 6-7.
(15)
Mušeta-Aščerić, Vesna, Op.cit., Sarajevo:
2005, 90-91.
(16)
Tabaković-Tošić, Mara et.al., op.cit., Sarajevo:
1991, 139-154.
(17) Berilo,
Zejnil, Op.cit., Sarajevo:
2006, 8-9.
(18)
Tabaković-Tošić, Mara et.al., op.cit., Sarajevo:
1991, 139-154.
(19) Karović,
Elma; Kunovac, Saša, Područje sa posebnim karakteristikama: Igman-Bjelašnica-Treskavica i Kanjon
Rakitnice (Visočica), Report, Sarajevo:
2006, 10-12.
(20) Karović,
Elma; Kunovac, Saša, Op.cit., Sarajevo:
2006, 8-9.
(21) Various
authors, Prirodna baština Kantona Sarajevo, Sarajevo: 2008, 116.
(22) Karović,
Elma; Kunovac, Saša, Op.cit., Sarajevo:
2006, 28.
(23) Karović,
Elma; Kunovac, Saša, Op.cit., Sarajevo:
2006, 31.
(24) Karović,
Elma; Kunovac, Saša, Op.cit., Sarajevo:
2006, 28-39.
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