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Cultural landscape of the necropolis with stećak tombstones at Dolovi, the nišan tombstones above Dolovi, the remains of the building at Crkvina, an isolated stećak, and the necropolis with six stećak tombstones at the foot of the village of Umoljani

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Status of monument -> National monument

Published in the “Official Gazette of BiH”, no. 13/10.

Pursuant to Article V para. 4 Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Article 39 para. 1 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, at a session held from 12 to 18 May 2009 the Commission adopted a

 

D E C I S I O N

 

I

 

The natural and historic site of the necropolis with stećak tombstones, old nišan tombstones and the remains of a mediaeval building at Dolovi near the village of Umoljani, Municipality Trnovo, is hereby designated as a National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: the National Monument).

The National Monument consists of:

            a) a necropolis with 47 stećak tombstones,

            b) eleven old nišan tombstones,

            c) the earth-covered remains of a building at Crkvina,

d) an isolated stećak,

            e) a necropolis with five stećak tombstones.

The National Monument is located on a site designated as cadastral plot no. 2079, Land Register entry no. 157, c.p. 2080, Land Register entry no. 322, c.p. 2081, Land Register entry no. 78, c.p. 2082, Land Register entry no. 84, c.p. 2086, Land Register entry no. 45, c.p. 2087, Land Register entry no. 46, c.p. 2088, Land Register entry no. 83, c.p. 2089, Land Register entry no. 84, c.p. 2106, Land Register entry no. 61, c.p. 2107, Land Register entry no. 201, c.p. 2108, Land Register entry no. 141, c.p. 2109, Land Register entry no. 56, c.p. 2110, Land Register entry no. 141, c.p. 2114, Land Register entry no. 559, c.p. 2115, Land Register entry no. 245, c.p. 2116, Land Register entry no. 155, c.p. 2117, Land Register entry no. 124, c.p. 2118, Land Register entry no. 141, c.p. 2127, Land Register entry no. 161, c.p. 2128, Land Register entry no. 293, c.p. 2129, Land Register entry no. 462, c.p. 2133, Land Register entry no. 72, c.p. 2134, Land Register entry no. 155, c.p. 2135, Land Register entry no. 153 and c.p. 2139, Land Register entry no. 341, cadastral municipality Umoljani, Municipality Trnovo, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The provisions relating to protection measures set forth by the Law on the Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, established pursuant to Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of the Federation of BiH nos. 2/02, 27/02, 6/04 and 51/07) shall apply to the National Monument.

 

II

 

The Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: the Government of the Federation) shall be responsible for ensuring and providing the legal, scientific, technical, administrative and financial measures necessary for the protection, conservation and presentation of the National Monument.

The Commission to Preserve National Monuments (hereinafter: the Commission) shall determine the technical requirements and secure the funds for preparing and setting up signboards with basic details of the monument and the Decision to proclaim the property a National Monument.

 

III

 

To ensure the on-going protection of the National Monument on the area defined in Clause 1 para. 3 of this Decision, the following measures are hereby stipulated:

Protection Level I pertains to c.p. 2080, 2106, 2110, 2115, 2127, 2128 and 2133. The following protection measures shall apply to this protection level:

-       all works are prohibited other than research and conservation and restoration works, including those designed to display the monument, with the approval of the Federal ministry responsible for regional planning (hereinafter: the relevant ministry) and under the expert supervision of the heritage protection authority of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: the heritage protection authority);

-       the stećak and nišan tombstones shall be cleared of microorganisms in a non-destructive manner and the site shall be cleared of self-sown vegetation;

-       the site of the National Monument shall be open and accessible to the public, and may be used for educational and cultural purposes;

-       building or other works that could have the effect of altering the site are prohibited, as is the erection of temporary facilities or permanent structures not designed solely for the protection and presentation of the National Monument;

-       the dumping of waste is prohibited;

-       a programme for the arrangement, presentation and routine maintenance of the National Monument shall be drawn up and implemented.

 

Protection Level II consists of c.p. 2079, 2081, 2082, 2086, 2087, 2088, 2089, 2107, 2108, 2109, 2114, 2116, 2117, 2129, 2134, 2135 and 2139. The following protection measures shall apply to this protection level:

-       the quarrying of stone, tree-felling (with the exception of felling for the maintenance of forest health and vitality), the construction of industrial facilities and major infrastructure and of any properties or facilities that during construction or operation could pose a threat to the National Monument are prohibited;

-       infrastructure works shall be permitted subject to the approval of the relevant ministry and the expert opinion of the heritage protection authority;

-       the site is a potential archaeological site, and any investigative works must therefore be conducted in the presence of an archaeologist.

 

In addition to the above protection measures, the measures prescribed by the Decision defining Igman, Bjelašnica, Treskavica and the river Rakitnica gorge (Visočica) as an area with features of special importance for the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of the Federation of BiH no. 8/05) shall apply to the area of Protection Level II.

           

IV

 

All movable artefacts found during the course of the archaeological survey shall be deposited in the nearest museum or in the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo, processed, and suitably presented.   

The removal from Bosnia and Herzegovina of the movable artefacts referred to in the previous paragraph is prohibited.

By way of exception to the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Clause, the temporary removal from Bosnia and Herzegovina of the movable artefacts for the purposes of display or conservation shall be permitted if the leader of the investigations determines that a given artefact must be processed abroad, and provides evidence to that effect to the Commission, which may permit the temporary removal of the artefact from the country subject to detailed conditions for its export, treatment while out of the country and return to Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Upon receipt of a report on the investigations conducted, the Commission shall identify which movable artefacts shall be subject to protection measures to be determined by the Commission.

In granting permission for the temporary removal of the movable heritage, the Commission shall stipulate all the conditions under which the removal from Bosnia and Herzegovina may take place, the date by which the items shall be returned to the country, and the responsibility of individual authorities and institutions for ensuring that these conditions are met, and shall notify the Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the relevant security service, the customs authority of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the general public accordingly.

 

V

 

All executive and area development planning acts are hereby revoked to the extent that they are not in accordance with the provisions of this Decision.

 

VI

 

Everyone, and in particular the competent authorities of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Canton, and urban and municipal authorities, shall refrain from any action that might damage the National Monument or jeopardize the preservation and rehabilitation thereof.

 

VII

 

The Government of the Federation, the Federal Ministry responsible for regional planning, the Federation heritage protection authority, and the Municipal Authorities in charge of urban planning and land registry affairs, shall be notified of this Decision in order to carry out the measures stipulated in Articles II to VI of this Decision, and the Authorized Municipal Court shall be notified for the purposes of registration in the Land Register.

 

VIII

 

The elucidation and accompanying documentation form an integral part of this Decision, which may be viewed by interested parties on the premises or by accessing the website of the Commission (http://www.aneks8komisija.com.ba)

 

IX

 

Pursuant to Art. V para 4 Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, decisions of the Commission are final.

 

X

 

This Decision shall enter into force on the day following its publication in the Official Gazette of BiH.

 

This Decision has been adopted by the following members of the Commission: Zeynep Ahunbay, Martin Cherry, Amra Hadžimuhamedović, Dubravko Lovrenović and Ljiljana Ševo.

 

Broj: 02-2-40/2009-28

13. maja 2009. godine

Sarajevo

Chair of the Commission

Amra Hadžimuhamedović

 

E l u c i d a t i o n

 

I – INTRODUCTION

Pursuant to Article 2, paragraph 1 of the Law on the Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, established pursuant to Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a “National Monument” is an item of public property proclaimed by the Commission to Preserve National Monuments to be a National Monument pursuant to Articles V and VI of Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and property entered on the Provisional List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of BiH no. 33/02) until the Commission reaches a final decision on its status, as to which there is no time limit and regardless of whether a petition for the property in question has been submitted or not.

On 20 April 2009 Emir Šehić, a student of archaeology and art history at the Faculty of the Humanities in Sarajevo, submitted a proposal/petition to designate the natural ensemble of the necropolis with stećak tombstones at Dolovi, the remains of the foundations of a church at Crkvina, an isolated stećak and the remains of nišan tombstones in the village of Umoljani, Municipality Trnovo, as a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Pursuant to the provisions of the law, the Commission proceeded to carry out the procedure for reaching a final decision to designate the Property as a National Monument, pursuant to Article V of Annex 8 and Article 35 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments.

 

Statement of significance

The national monument includes 53 stećak tombstones, 11 old nišan tombstones and the remains of the foundations of a building, at six sites near the village of Umoljani on Mt. Bjelašnica. The mediaeval tombstones known as stećci (pl. of stećak) form part of an unbroken sepulchral continuity in Bosnia that reaches far back into prehistoric times, and are clearly associated with the older sites of prehistoric settlements and places of worship, agglomerations and burial grounds dating from Antiquity, and late Antique and early mediaeval churches and fortified towns. Their origins and development can be traced from the mid 12th to the early 16th century. Most of them were made of local stone, and are slab-shaped, chest-shaped or gabled (sarcophagus-like). Many of them are decorated with realistic and symbolic designs (rope twists, double zigzag bands, lines in relief and reverse relief, vines with trefoils, scrolling vines, stylized crosses, Latin crosses, shields, swords, circles and figural scenes of the round dance – the ritual dance of death – a stylized tree with two pairs of spirals coiled symmetrical, and rosettes).

Nišan is the term used to denote the upright tombstones marking the graves of Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Judging from the two basic variants of nišan tombstone represented here, the rectangular tombstone with a pyramidal top and the stele-shaped tombstone, the nišans date from the latter half of the 14th and first half of the 15th centuries, making them among the earliest nišans in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The decorations on the nišans are bands and demi-orbs.

The anthropogenic nature of the site is obvious from the monuments dating from mediaeval times and from the fact that the village of Umoljani is still inhabited. The village is on Mt Bjelašnica, in a landscape of outstanding natural beauty with a high degree of biodiversity of both flora and fauna.

 

II – PRELIMINARY PROCEDURE

In the procedure preceding the adoption of a final decision to proclaim the property a national monument, the following documentation was inspected:

-       Documentation on the location and current owner and user of the property (copy of cadastral plan and copy of land registry entry).

-       Data on the current condition and use of the property, including a description and photographs, data of war damage, data on restoration or other works on the property, etc.

-       Historical, architectural and other documentary material on the property, as set out in the bibliography forming part of this Decision.

 

The findings based on the review of the above documentation and the condition of the site are as follows:

 

1. Details of the property

Location

Zabjelašnica is an upland region in a triangle of mountains, Bjelašnica, Treskavica and Visočica, where the villages of Lukavac, Milišići, Kramari, Brda, Šabići, Rakitnica, Bobovica, Ozimine, Pervizi, Sinanovići and Umoljani are located, with Lukomir and Čuhovići a little further away. Heading for Sinanovići from Šabići, after a few kilometres the road crosses a bridge over the river Rakitnica, where the road that forks uphill to the right leads to the village of Umoljani. The village is at an altitude of 1353 m, latitude 43° 40' 11", longitude 18° 13' 39", and belongs administratively to Trnovo Municipality. The monuments are in Dolovi and Crkvina to the left and right of the road before entering the village of Umoljani.

The National Monument is located on a site designated as cadastral plot no. 2079, Land Register entry no. 157, c.p. 2080, Land Register entry no. 322, c.p. 2081, Land Register entry no. 78, c.p. 2082, Land Register entry no. 84, c.p. 2086, Land Register entry no. 45, c.p. 2087, Land Register entry no. 46, c.p. 2088, Land Register entry no. 83, c.p. 2089, Land Register entry no. 84, c.p. 2106, Land Register entry no. 61, c.p. 2107, Land Register entry no. 201, c.p. 2108, Land Register entry no. 141, c.p. 2109, Land Register entry no. 56, c.p. 2110, Land Register entry no. 141, c.p. 2114, Land Register entry no. 559, c.p. 2115, Land Register entry no. 245, c.p. 2116, Land Register entry no. 155, c.p. 2117, Land Register entry no. 124, c.p. 2118, Land Register entry no. 141, c.p. 2127, Land Register entry no. 161, c.p. 2128, Land Register entry no. 293, c.p. 2129, Land Register entry no. 462, c.p. 2133, Land Register entry no. 72, c.p. 2134, Land Register entry no. 155, c.p. 2135, Land Register entry no. 153 and c.p. 2139, Land Register entry no. 341, cadastral municipality Umoljani, Municipality Trnovo, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Historical information

Geographically speaking, in terms of natural location Mt. Bjelašnica consists of the northern Bosnian slopes (facing Hadžići, Pazarić, Trnovo and Raštelica), with no permanent habitations, and the southern Herzegovinian slopes, which are permanently inhabited. The southern part of Bjelašnica extends all the way to the right (Bosnian) bank of the river Neretva(1). To the south of Bjelašnica is Mt. Visočica, from which it is sharply divided by the river Rakitnica.

There are permanent settlements in the south-eastern area of Bjelašnica, in so-called “Lower Bjelašnica”, at an altitude above sea level of 1200 to 1500 m. Umoljani, along with Šabići, Kramari, Lukavac, Brda and Malešići, is on the upper course of the Rakitnica, on the right bank of the river. Reconnaissance in some of these villages has identified remains dating from prehistory, and many of them still bear mediaeval toponyms. The entire area around the river Rakitnica was linked via Štirno do with the Sarajevo plain and the settlements in the Miljacka valley, and with Konjic via Jagodin do.

In the late mediaeval period the area from the river Rakitnica from its source in the east to the Trešanica riverlet in the west belonged to the administrative district of Črešnjevo, within the Neretva župa (county). In the 15th century the county of Neretva was divided into a Bosnian and a Herzegovinian part, with the river Neretva forming the boundary. The Bosnian part extended as far as the right bank of the Neretva and belonged to the Royal Lands district, while the Herzegovinian part comprised the areas on the left bank of the Neretva, and was ruled by the Kosača family, lords of the region. The centre of the administrative district was the town of Češnjevo, which experienced its greatest degree of development in the 15th century. It had a separate outskirts area (where present-day Konjic now stands) and a customs house, since the busy road from the Neretva valley ran alongside the town. The entire region, including the county of Češnjevo, probably fell within the feudal holdings of the Bosnian kings, making it a royal domesne(2).

The Ottomans occupied the area to the right bank of the Neretva in 1463. A census dating from 1468/69 features the nahija of Češnjevo, but it is no longer mentioned in the 1477 census(3). There were large communities of Vlach herdsmen throughout almost the whole of the administrative district of Češnjevo, permanent occupants of the katunas that formed the counterpart to the rural (agricultural) Slav communities. In Umoljani, Tušili and Šabići the toponym Varda is to be encountered, indicating an organized military police service in the rural municipalities. The common religious centre was probably in Umoljani, as it is to this day. A place called Crkvina [indicating a church] lies between Umoljani and Šabići, and the main mosque is in Umoljani. The same village has the toponym Igrište(4), one of the names associated with pre-Christian places of worship, and often encountered in villages with churches(5).

The mediaeval tombstones of Bosnia and Hum known as stećci became the subject of scholarly interest in not entirely favourable circumstances, hundreds of years after they had become a relic of a historic age. At the turn of the 18th-19th century, the western world began to hear of the unusual art to be found on tombstones in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Dalmatia(6).

 

2. Description of the property

Heading for Sinanovići from Šabići, after a few kilometres the road crosses a bridge over the river Rakitnica, where the road that forks uphill to the right leads to the village of Umoljani. About 1.5 km before entering the village, on the right of the road, is a slope where there are 47 stećci (six slab-shaped, 32 chest-shaped, five tall chests and four gabled)(7). The site is known as Dolovi, and the plots on which the stećci stand are c.p. nos 2133 and 2135. Twelve of the tombstones are decorated: three slabs (stećci nos. 12, 16 and 20), three tall chests (stećci nos. 4, 8 and 10), four chests (stećci nos. 6, 18, 29 and 40) and two gabled (stećci nos. 1 and 13). The decorative motifs in this necropolis are rope twist, relief and reverse relief lines, vines with trefoils, scrolling vines, a stylized cross, a Latin cross, a shield, a sword, a circle, and a round-dance scene of the ritual dance of death with eight human figures. Most of the stećci lie north-south with minor deviations, but thirteen of them lie west-east.

Condition of the stećci

Stećak no. 1. – gabled with plinth, decorated, lying north-south, covered with lichen, overturned onto its west side; the stećak measures 170 x 50 x 88 cm; the plinth measures 209 x 60 x 32 cm.

A rope twist extends along the sides of the roof panes and across the ends of the stećak. The decoration is in relief, and is quite badly damaged.

Stećak no. 2. – tall chest with plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, covered with moss and lichen, partly buried to the height of the plinth on the west side; the stećak measures 150 x 68 (60 cm at the base) x 75 cm; the plinth measures 190 x 90 x 25 cm.

Stećak no. 3. – slab, undecorated, lying slightly off north-south, partly buried and covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 190 x 102 x 22 cm.

Stećak no. 4. – tall chest with decoration, lying west-east, partly buried and covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 178 x 103 x 73 cm.

A groove runs across the middle of the top, indicating that this tombstone marks a double grave.

Stećak no. 5. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures176 x 83 x 51 cm.

Stećak no. 6. – chest with plinth, decorated, lying north-south, covered with moss and lichen, partly buried on the west side; the stećak measures 176 x 87 x 49 cm.

Two parallel lines in relief and reverse relief run along the edges of the ends and sides of the stećak.

Stećak no. 7. – gabled with plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, covered with moss and overgrown with weeds, partly buried to the height of the plinth and leaning to the west. The tombstone is badly cracked and damaged by changes to the weather; the stećak measures 190 x 77 (61 at the base) x 80 cm.

Stećak no. 8. – tall chest with plinth, decorated, lying north-south, covered with moss and lichen, partly buried to plinth height on the east side, cracked below the figural scene on the west side of the stećak; the stećak measures 195 x 84 (71 at the base) x 86 cm; the plinth measures 217 x 97 x 21 cm.

A decorative vine with trefoils runs all the way round the stećak just below the top. On the west side is a figural scene of the round dance, the ritual dance of death with eight human figures. The clothes the figures are wearing suggest that both men and women are dancing, making this a mixed round dance.

Stećak no. 9. – slab without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, partly buried and covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 187 x 117 x 45 cm.

Stećak no. 10. – tall chest without plinth, decorated, lying north-south, overturned onto its east side, damaged and covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 165 x 70 x 90 cm.

The ends bear the outlines of a spiral decoration. On the top, forming a barely identifiable frame, is a band of diagonal lines, and on the north part of the stećak is a sword. A vine with trefoils runs the length of the west side of the stećak under the top edge; below the vine is an arcade of round-headed arches.

Stećak no. 11. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, covered with lichen; the stećak measures 212 x 75 x 73 cm.

Stećak no. 12. – slab, decorated, lying north-south, covered with lichen, partly buried and damaged; the stećak measures 199 x 139 x 40 cm.

The top of the stećak is marked with two parallel lines running lengthwise down the middle, indicating that it stands over a double grave. A line that can be faintly made out on the middle of the stećak suggests that there was probably a decoration there, identical to the one on no 16, consisting of a stylized cross.

Stećak no. 13. – gabled with plinth, decorated, lying north-south, leaning and partly buried to plinth height on the west side, cut from poor quality stone so that the decorations are hard to make out; the stećak measures 184 x 68 x 100 cm.

A badly-damaged rope twist extends below the sides of the roof panes and across the ends of the stećak. The vertical edges of the ends are accentuated by hollow lines. Both ends bear the same decoration of a double spiral, with a rosette in the gable. A decorative vine with trefoils runs along the west side below the roof pane, and can just be made out on the east side. At the top of the roof panes are very badly damaged demi-orbs on both sides. All the decorations are in a combination of relief and reverse relief.

Stećak no. 14. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying west-east, partly buried on the east side, covered with lichen; the stećak measures 166 x 60 x 51 cm.

Stećak no. 15. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying west-east, covered with lichen; the stećak measures 200 x 81 x 79 cm.

Stećak no. 16. – slab, decorated, lying west-east, covered with lichen; the stećak measures 190 x 141 x 50 cm.

The top of the stećak is marked with two parallel lines running lengthwise down the middle, indicating that it stands over a double grave. In the middle of the stećak is a barely identifiable stylized cross.

Stećak no. 17. – chest, undecorated, lying slightly off west-east, covered with lichen; the stećak measures 193 x 80 x 80 cm.

Stećak no. 18. – chest with plinth , decorated, lying north-south, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 135 x 77 x 48 cm.

The stećak is decorated with a shield in relief on the top surface.

Stećak no. 19. – tall chest with plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, covered with moss and lichen, partly buried to plinth height; the stećak measures 105 x 63 x 114 cm.

Stećak no. 20. – slab, decorated, lying north-south, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 180 x 119 x 35 cm.

The top of the stećak is marked with a single line running lengthwise down the middle, indicating that it stands over a double grave. The top of the east side bears a rectangle formed by two lines inside which is a cross with the top and cross arms of equal length and the lower upright longer. The top of the cross is rounded at the end. The decorations on this stećak are in reverse relief.

Stećak no. 21. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, partly buried, covered with moss and lichen and overgrown with juniper; the stećak measures 136 x 60 x 25 cm.

Stećak no. 22. – slab, undecorated, lying north-south, partly buried, cover with moss and lichen and overgrown with brambles; the stećak measures 184 x 110 x 4 cm.

Stećak no. 23. – chest, undecorated, lying slightly off north-south, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 182 x 82 x 46 cm.

Stećak no. 24. – chest, undecorated, lying north-south, partly buried and covered with moss and lichen, cracked and damaged on the east side; the stećak measures 185x 77 x 45 cm.

Stećak no. 25. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, partly buried, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures175 x 80 x 50 cm.

Stećak no. 26. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, partly buried, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 191 x 88 x 25 cm.

Stećak no. 27. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, partly buried, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 210 x 110 x 20 cm.

Stećak no. 28. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, partly buried, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 172 x 90 x 36 cm.

Stećak no. 29. – chest without plinth, decorated, lying north-south, partly buried and covered with moss and lichen, damaged on the west side; the stećak measures 176 x 93 x 26 cm.

A line in relief runs lengthwise along the middle of the top surface, indicating that the tombstone stands over a double grave. Unlike the other chest-shaped tombstones, the north end of this one ends in a ridge.

Stećak no. 30. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, almost completely buried, covered with moss and lichen, and with cracks on the surface; the stećak measures 110 cm long x 57 cm wide.

Stećak no. 31. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, with a crudely finished top surface, partly buried, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 186 x 100 x 24 cm.

Stećak no. 32. – gabled, undecorated, lying slightly off north-south, partly buried, covered with lichen and moss, changes to the weather (ice and severe winters) have resulted in part of the north end of stećak being broken off along its height; the stećak measures 125 x 65 x 68 cm.

Stećak no. 33. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, partly buried, covered with moss and lichen and overgrown with grass; the stećak measures 122 x 84 x 10 cm.

Stećak no. 34. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, partly buried, covered with moss and lichen and overgrown with brambles; the stećak measures 144 x 93 x 17 cm.

Stećak no. 35. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, of good workmanship, partly buried, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 174 x 80 x 48 cm.

Stećak no. 36. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, with a crudely finished top surface, partly buried, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 195 x 105 x 15 cm.

Stećak no. 37. – chest, undecorated and without plinth, lying west-east, covered with lichen; the stećak measures 190 x 70 x 58 cm.

Stećak no. 38. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 135 x 77 x 48 cm.

The tombstone is rectangular in shape with the south end angled and without sharp edges. In Š. Bešlagić's classification, this is a type of tombstone of which the end is arched (Š. Bešlagić, 1982, 87).

Stećak no. 39. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying north-south, finely finished, partly buried, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 173 x 116 x 36 cm.

Stećak no. 40. – chest, decorated, lying north-south, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 170 x 71 x 25 cm; diameter of the circle 25 cm.

The top is decorated with a circular motif in relief, with a line to the west of the same length as the diameter of the circle.

Stećak no. 41. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying west-east, partly buried, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 170 x 96 x 31 cm.

Stećak no. 42. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying west-east, partly buried, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 170 x 90 x 16 cm.

Stećak no. 43. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying west-east, partly buried, covered with moss and lichen, with only the east end visible; the stećak measures 60 cm (visible length) x 66 cm wide x 10 cm (visible height).

Stećak no. 44. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying west-east, partly buried, covered with moss and lichen, with only the east end visible; the stećak measures 50 cm (visible length) x 70 cm wide x 5 cm (visible height).

Stećak no. 45. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying slightly off west-east, partly buried on the north-east side, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures188 x 68 x 29 cm.

Stećak no. 46. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying slightly off west-east, partly buried on the north-east side, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 196 x 86 x 15 cm.

Stećak no. 47. – chest without plinth, undecorated, lying slightly off west-east, partly buried on the north-east side,, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 184 x 111 x 24 cm.

Condition of the nišans above Dolovi

Three old nišans have been found about 200 m north of the necropolis, on a plot designated as c.p. no.2110, with another eight about 300 m away, on a plot designated as c.p. no. 2080.

Judging from the two basic variants of nišan tombstone represented here, the rectangular tombstone with a pyramidal top and the stele-shaped tombstone, the nišans date from the latter half of the 14th and first half of the 15th centuries, making them among the earliest nišans in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Nišan no.1.

Fallen stele-shaped nišan, without epitaph, with a carved band, measuring 31 x 7 cm in section and 108 cm in height.

Nišan no.2.

Fallen stele-shaped nišan, without epitaph, with a carved band and a carved demi-orb at the top and side, measuring 30 x 15 cm in section and 117 cm in height.

Nišan no.3.

Nišan without epitaph, broken and partly buried.

Nišan no.4.

Stele-shaped nišan, almost completely buried, with only the top visible above ground.

Nišan no.5.

Fallen stele-shaped nišan, without epitaph, with a carved band and a carved demi-orb at the top, measuring 36 x 11 cm in section and 173 cm in height.

Nišan no.6.

Fallen nišan, undecorated and partly buried, pyramidal top, rectangular in section with sides of 36 x 15 cm and a height of 186 cm.

Nišan no.7.

Fallen nišan, undecorated and partly buried, pyramidal top, rectangular in section with sides of 25 x 17 cm and a height of 188 cm.

Nišan no.8.

Fallen nišan, undecorated and partly buried, pyramidal top, rectangular in section with sides of 32 x 18 cm and a height of 185 cm.

Nišan no.9.

Nišan without epitaph, broken and partly buried, 30 cm in width and 60 cm in height.

Nišan no.10.

Fallen stele-shaped nišan, without epitaph or decoration, measuring 36 x 16 cm in section and 195 cm in height.

Nišan no.11.

Nišan leaning to the north, undecorated, pyramidal top, square in section with sides of 32 cm and a height of 165 cm.

Remains of the church

Karl Patsch recorded a tradition among the residents of the village of Umoljani, who believe there had been a church below the village, at a place called Crkvina. Here Patsch observed “worked stone sticking up through the turf.”(8)  P. Anđelić and Š. Bešlagić also recorded the foundations of a building or old church(9).

The fact that in mediaeval times Umoljani was the religious centre for the neighbouring villages of Tušila and Šabići also suggests that there could have been a church here.

During the survey of the monuments at the sites in Umoljani, prompted by the accounts given by these authorities, the possible site of this uninvestigated building was identified. Using images from Google Earth and on-site photographs, the remains of the building with a diameter of 50 m were identified, but it would be possible to identify the remains, and perhaps the features of the building, with certainty only on the basis of detailed archaeological excavations. These findings would place the church on plot no. c.p. 2118, bounded by plots 2107, 2108 and 2117. The site of the church is grassed over and all that can be seen are the outlines of the foundations beneath the soil.

Isolated stećak – gabled with plinth, decorated

Standing on a hillock about 500 m as the crow flies west of Dolovi, the stećak is located on plot c.p. no. 2127, lying west-east, overturned onto its north side and partly buried. Cracks can be seen on the roof pane and plinth, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 121 x 30 x 112 cm; the plinth measures 160 x 55 x 28 cm.

A rope twist runs the length of the south roof pane, below which, on the sides of the stećak, is a double band of zigzag lines. The same decoration probably features on the north side, but this could not be verified since the stećak is lying on that side.

Both ends bear the same decoration – a stylized tree with two pairs of symmetrically-coiled spirals. The east gable has a rosette, but the decoration in the west gable is missing, as the stećak is damaged at that point. The decorations are in a combination of relief and reverse relief(10).

Necropolis with five stećci(11)  

Five almost completely buried chest-shaped stećci were found about 200 m west of the isolated stećak, on plot no. c.p. 2106.

Stećak no. 1. – chest almost completely buried, lying west-east, covered with lichen and overgrown with grass; the stećak measures 110 cm long x 60 cm wide.

Stećak no. 2. – chest almost completely buried, lying west-east, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 135 cm long x 53 cm wide.

Stećak no. 3. – chest almost completely buried, lying west-east, covered with soil and grass with only parts of the stećak visible; the stećak measures 150 cm long x 75 cm wide.

Stećak no. 4. – chest almost completely buried, lying west-east, covered with moss and lichen; the stećak measures 145 cm long x 58 cm wide.

Stećak no. 5. – chest almost completely buried, lying west-east, covered with soil and grass with only parts of the stećak visible; the stećak measures 150 cm long x 66 cm wide.

Natural heritage

Bosnia and Herzegovina is rich in varied climates, flora, fauna, water sources and river basins, and a diversity of old cultures. The natural environment, enriched by human action, becomes part of the cultural heritage. The valleys of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s main rivers and their tributaries, large and small, constitute areas of natural beauty of the highest order. In themselves, they would not form part of the country‘s cultural and historical heritage, but they are not untouched, virgin nature: everywhere, people have added something of their own, modest in human terms, but never such as to cause any loss of the natural environment.

Mt. Bjelašnica lies to the south-west of Sarajevo. The south-western area of Bjelašnica which formed part of the Crown Lands, Neretva župa (county), is much lower in altitude than the north-western area which belonged to Gradčac county, also part of the Crown Lands in the 15th century. This meant that permanent habitation was possible in the south-western area, while the north-western area was used only as summer pasturage by herders. Unlike other mountains, permanently-inhabited villages are found at altitudes of between 1300 and 1500 metres on Mt. Bjelašnica. The only permanently-inhabited village listed in a 1468 census was Umoljani, with 31 military reservists‘ households, in the timar [feudal holding] of Skender, the sultan’s ghulam [servant](12).

The Bjelašnica and Igman mountain massif belongs to the central range of the Dinaric mountain chain, in the high-altitude region of Mts Površi and Brda, while geotectonically it belongs to the mesozoic limestone and dolomite zone with central Bosnian schist mountains at its heart(13). Between the altitudes of 700 and 1,300 m is a complex of rendzina and brown soils, with rendzina dominating from 1,300 to 2,000 m. These geomorphological characteristics, combined with climatic conditions, have led to the development of an extremely heterogeneous soil and plant cover(14).

To the south, south-west and south-east, Bjelašnica is sharply delineated, whereas to the north-west it is linked, via Ivan-planina (Mt Ivan) with Bitovija. Bjelašnica forms the natural link between the mountains of Bosnia and those of Herzegovina. The main herders‘ route through the mountain ran east-west, connecting the villages of Umoljani, Brdo, Krameri and others with Sarajevo via Mt. Igman, and with Konjic to the west(15).

The geographical location and orographic structure have dictated the specific climate of this mountain massif, which separates an area with a distinctly Mediterranean climate from one with a continental climate. In general terms, two climate types are to be observed here – upland or subalpine, on the lower uplands, and alpine, on the higher mountain areas(16). The coldest month is February (Bjelašnica -7.4 °C), and the warmest is June (Bjelašnica 10.1 °C). The average monthly and annual air temperature on Bjelašnica is 1 °C. The highest levels of precipitation occur in September, October and December, a total of 382 mm. Snow cover lasts from September to the end of May or mid June, and it is not uncommon for snow to fall on Bjelašnica in summer. The winds on Bjelašnica alternate between those blowing from the sea (south winds) and those blowing from land (north winds), with high winds almost every third day(17).

The Tušilačka joins the Rakitnica just before Dolovi. To the east of Dolovi is a smaller, nameless brook, and to the west is the Šklope brook, both flowing into the Rakitnica.

These abiotic features, together with considerable impact from zooanthropological factors, have led to the development on Bjelašnica of a distinct flora and vegetation(18).

The plant cover in Dolovi and Crkvina mainly consists of low-growing plants, shrubs and small communities of deciduous trees. The vegetation on the surrounding hills is either similar, or dense mixed forest, on both sides of the road leading to the village of Umoljani, Dolovi and Crkvina and the surrounding hills constitute a natural entity.

Dinaric forest communities of beech and fir (with spruce) of neutrophile character, forming a marked belt of forest vegetation, have formed on limestone soils, dolomitising limestones and moraine deposits. This community is one of the forest communities that is richest in plant species on Bjelašnica, dominated by mesophile-neutrophile-basophile species. The dominant species are beech, fir and spruce, which are not found in the areas strongly influenced by sub-Mediterranean climate. The shrubby layer includes Euonymus latifolia, Lonicera alpigena, Lonicera xylosteum, Lonicera nigra and Rhamnus fallax. Ground-layer plants include the following species: Asarum europaeum, Pulmonaria officinalis, Lilium martagon, Paris quadrifolia and Cardamine enneaphyllos.

Above these is a belt of subalpine beech (Aceri-Fagetum subalpinum Horv. et al. 1974), typically of fastigiate habit, with a relatively short vegetative period. The extreme climatic conditions, which become still more marked at the upper limit of this type of forest, mean that it is primarily of a protective nature. The tree and shrub layer includes the following species: Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus, Rhamnus fallax, Salix silesiaca, Lonicera barbasiama, Ribes alpinum and Rubus saxatilis. Ground-layer plants include Adenostyles alliariae, Cirsium erisithales, Ranunculus platanifolius, Valeriana montana and Valeriana tripteris. At the boundary of this belt and the mountain-pine belt are small groups on the slopes of Hranisava (Mugo-Pinetum leucodermis Fuk. 1966), relict populations destroyed by grazing, and now an endangered natural feature that must be protected. Thermophile species, including Scabiosa leucophylla, Erica carnea, Brachypodium pinnatum and Calamagrostis varia, are found within this community.

The Rakitnica gorge, with its steep slopes and crags and shallow soils much influenced by the sub-Mediterranean climate, contains thermophile communities of downy oak and hop hornbeam (Querco-Ostryetum carpinifoliae Horv. 1938 s.lat) and of manna ash and hop hornbeam (Ostryo-Ornetum Fuk. et Stef. 1958). The tree species found within these communities include Quercus pubescens, Ostrya carpinifolia, Fraxinus ornus and Sorbus torminalis; among shrubby species are Cornus mas, Rhamnus cathartica, Viburnum lantana, Cotinus coggygria, Amelanchier ovalis and Cotoneaster tomentosa. The ground-plant layer includes many light-loving species, including Chrysanthemum corymbosum, Teucrium chamaedrys, Mercurialis ovata, Galium lucidum, Stachys recta and Thymus serpyllum(19).

Endemic alpine meadow species

-       Sesleria juncifolia

-       Sesleria coerulens

-       Festuca panciciana

-       Festuca bosniaca

-       Senecio bosniacus

-       Veronica satureioides

-       Gentiana dinarica

-       Gentiana symphyandra

-       Gentianella crispata

Glacial relicts

-       Dryas octopetala

-       Polygonum viviparum

-       Gentiana kochiana

-       Nigritella nigra

-       Potentilla clusiana

-       Arnica montana

-       Jasione orbiculata

-       Achillea lingulata

-       Lilium bosniacum

High alpine flora of the alpine pastures, rocky terrain and Rakitnica gorge

Plants found in the glacial cirques of Bjelašnica belong to the endemic association Amphoricarpion autariati, and communities in the limestone gorge of the Rakitnica and on dolomitic soils, where the following species of this distinctive flora have been recorded:

-       Edraianthus serpyllifolius

-       Saxifraga caryophylla

-       Minuartia clandestina

-       Silene pusilla

-       Alchemilla velebitica

-       Cerastium dinaricum

The following species are found on limestone soils

-       Dripis linneana

-       Arabis alpina,

-       Heracleum balcanicum,

-       Stachys recta(20)  

 

As regards fauna, the ichthyopopulation of the Tušilačka river and Rakitnica consists exclusively of salmonids(21).

Reptiles include the globally endangered meadow viper, Vipera ursini macrops, classified as endangered by IUCN, along with other vipers – V. berus bosniaca, V. amodites – and other snakes including Coronella austriaca, Coluber sp, the legless lizard Anguis fragilis, other lizard species – Lacerta vivipara, L. viridis, L. fragilis, L. Muralis – and frogs Hyla arborea and Rana agilis.

            The area is also rich in invertebrates, with 127 recorded species of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) and 29 of grasshoppers (Orthoptera). The area is also the habitat of no fewer than 24 species recorded as endangered in Europe.

Invertebrates classed as threatened in Europe, present in the Igman-Bjelašnica-Treskavica-Visočica area

-       Threatened: Maculinea nausithous (butterfly), Maculinea teleius (butterfly), Apatura metis (butterfly)

-       Vulnerable: Dolomedes plantarius (spider), Saga pedo (bush cricket), Hyles hippophaes (moth)     

-       Rare: Helix pomatia (gastropod - snail), Troglophantes gracilis (spider), Troglophantes similes (spider), Troglophantes spinipes (spider), Parnassius apollo (butterfly), Erebia ottomana (butterfly), Epimyrma ravouxi (ant)

-       Insufficiently known: Microcondylae compressa (fresh-water mussel), Unio elegantus (fresh-water mussel), Hirudo medicinalis (leech), Leucorrhinia pectoralis (dragonfly), Myrmeleon formicarius (antlion), Syrichtus tesselum (butterfly), Papilio alexanor (butterfly), Zerynthia polyxena (butterfly), Erebia calcari (butterfly)

The wider area has some 110 species of bird, including, among confirmed birds of prey, the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) and the short-toed eagle (Circaetus gallicus), the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), the common kestrel (Falco tinninculus), the goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), the Eurasian sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) and the Levant sparrowhawk (Accipiter brevipes).Only one species on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the globally near-threatened corncrake (Crex crex), is found in the area(22).

Key species of mammals are present in the area; the brown bear (Ursus arctos L), the wolf (Canis lupus L) and the chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica L), as well as another sixty or so species of mammal. Among larger mammals, the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), pine marten (Martes martes) – which is already becoming very rare – the stoat (Mustele erminea), the wild cat (Felix silvestris) and the lynx (Lynx lynx) are of particular note(23).

The anthropogenic nature of the site is obvious from the monuments dating from mediaeval times as well as the continuity of habitation in the village of Umoljani. Herding is not the only pursuit on Mt. Bjelašnica: the residents also hunt large mammals and birds, as do the members of hunting clubs. Hunting is often a threat to key species such as the wolf, which uses Dolovi as part of its territory. A species that needs to be left in peace while breeding and raising its young, wolves retreat to other areas when disturbed by felling in their territory during their reproductive cycle. Since felling creates gaps and open areas in forest communities, forming ideal feeding grounds for wild ungulates (deer and wild boar), the wolf invariably returns, as a predator species directly associated with the populations of its prey, wild ungulates(24). The site can also be used as grazing for small farm animals.

 

3. Legal status to date

The Regional Plan for BiH to 2000 lists 22 sites of necropolises with stećci (1,520 tombstones) in Trnovo Municipality, without precise identification, treating them as Category III monuments.

 

4. Research and conservation and restoration works

Research, consisting of recording the monuments in the village of Umoljani and gathering relevant information, was first carried out by Karl Patsch, who published his findings in 1902, followed by Šefik Bešlagić, who published in 1971, and Pavao Anđelić, who published in 1975.

Bosnia and Herzegovina became the object of research by natural scientists at a relatively late date. The first serious botanical studies were conducted in the mid 19th century and are associated with the name of Sedtner, who in 1849 published the first scientific findings of his travels through Bosnia in 1947. Over the next few decades, scientific botanical studies were of a sporadic nature, and it was only at the end of the 19th century that there were major studies by Formanek, Vandas, Landauer, Sündermann, Bornmüller and Beck-Mannagetta (Riter-Studnička, 1956). The latter was the first to write about the flora of this country.

K. Malý, who came to Sarajevo at the turn of the 19th century, spent the next fifty years in intensive study, making an immense contribution to our knowledge of the flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Fukarek, 1951).

Being so close to Sarajevo, Igman and Bjelašnica have often been the object of study visits by botanists, both in former times and now. Those who studied the plant life of the area are Bornmüller, Landauer, A.Ademović (Beck, 1886), P. Fukarek (1962), Riter-Studnička (1957), and P.Grgić (1980). (P.Grgić, 1980, 59-60)

No conservation or restoration works have been carried out.

 

5. Current condition of the property

The findings of on-site inspections conducted on 21 and 28 April and 1 May 2009 are as follows:

-       the stećci are at risk of rapid deterioration from lack of maintenance,

-       some of the stećci are chipped, damaged, overturned, or partly or wholly buried,

-       the site with the stećci is on a plot that is not fenced off, which enables the local people to use the plot as pasture for their livestock,

-       the stećci are covered to a greater or lesser extent with lichen and moss,

-       most of the upper surfaces are more or less damaged (cracks, splits, shallow cracks),

-       three nišans were found about 200 m to the north, with another eight about 300 m further away, overturned and partly buried,

-       about 500 west of the necropolis is an isolated stećak on a hillock, overturned, partly buried and somewhat damaged. Nearby are the outlines of a building that could be the remains of the church mentioned in reference works,

-       about 200 m west of the isolated stećak, on another hillock, are another five stećci which are almost completely buried, covered in moss and overgrown with grass,

-       since the 1992-1995 war an asphalt road has been laid on this site, leading to the village of Umoljani,

-       as plant growth resumes in spring, the necropolis becomes overgrown with grass and brambles, a further cause of damage to the stećci,

-       the use of open flame between the nišans has been observed,

-       the site with the stećci is at risk of landslip on the west side if the road should be further widened.

 

6. Specific risks

-       at Dolovi there is the risk of landslip on the west side if the road should be further widened,

-       vandalism (smashing and overturning the stećci, destroying the decorations, etc.),

-       disintegration of the tombstones from long-term lack of maintenance,

-       adverse weather conditions,

-       self-sown vegetation.

 

III – CONCLUSION

Applying the Criteria for the adoption of a decision on proclaiming an item of property a national monument (Official Gazette of BiH nos. 33/02 and 15/03), the Commission has enacted the Decision cited above.

The Decision was based on the following criteria:

A.         Time frame

B.         Historical value

C.         Artistic and aesthetic value

C.i.       quality of workmanship

C.ii.      quality of materials

C.iii.      proportions

C.v.      value of details

D.         Clarity

D.i.       material evidence of a lesser known historical era.

E.         Symbolic value

E.i.       ontological value

E.ii.      religious value

E.v.      significance for the identity of a group of people

F.         Townscape/landscape value

F.iii.      the building or group of buildings is part of a group or site.

G.         Authenticity

G.i.       form and design

G.ii.      material and content

G.iii.     use and function

G.iv.     tradition and techniques

G.v.      location and setting

 

The following documents form an integral part of this Decision:

-       Copy of cadastral plan

-       Copy of land register entry

-       Photographs taken on site.

 

Bibliography

During the procedure to designate the monument as a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina the following works were consulted:

 

1902.    Patsch, Karl. “Rimska mjesta u konjičkom kotaru” (Roman sites in the county of Konjic). Sarajevo: Jnl of the National Museum, 1902, 331.

 

1932.    Popović, Jovo. “Ljetni stanovi (mahale) na planini Bjelašnici” (Summer living quarters [mahalas] on Mt.Bjelašnica), Jnl of the National Museum in Sarajevo (Volumes for Natural Sciences) XLIV/1932. Sarajevo: 1932, 55-96.

 

1971.    Bešlagić, Šefik. Stećci, kataloško-topografski pregled (Stećak tombstones, a catalogue and topographical survey). Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša, 1971, 142-143.

 

1975.    Anđelić, Pavao. Historijski spomenici Konjica i okoline (Historic monuments of Konjic and environs). Konjic: 1975.

 

1980.    Various authors. Regional Plan for Bosnia and Herzegovina; Stage B - valorization of natural, cultural and historical monuments. Sarajevo: Institute for architecture, town planning and regional planning of the Faculty of Architecture in Sarajevo, 1980.

 

1982.    Anđelić, Pavao. “Teritorijalno politička organizacija župe Neretve i njezino mjesto u širim političkim okvirima,” u: Studije o teritorijalnopolitičkoj organizaciji Bosne i Hercegovine od najstarijih vremena do pada ovih zemalja pod osmansku vlast (Territorial and political organization of the Neretva county and its place in the wider political context, in: Study on the territorial and political organization of Bosnia and Herzegovina from ancient times to the fall of these lands under Ottoman rule). Sarajevo: 1982.

 

1982.    Bešlagić, Šefik. Stećci-kultura i umjetnost (Stećak tombstones – culture and art), Sarajevo: 1982.

 

1982.    Šabanović, Hazim. Bosanski pašaluk (The Bosnian pashaluk). Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1982.

 

1991.    Tabaković-Tošić, Mara et.al. “Prilog poznavanju faune carabidae (Coleoptera) planinskog masiva Igman-Bjelašnica” (Contribution to Knowledge of the Carabidae [Coleoptera] fauna of the Igman-Bjelašnica Mountain Massif), Jnl of the National Museum of BiH – Natural History. Sarajevo: 1991, 139-154.

 

1999.    Beljkašić-Hadžidedić, Ljiljana. Bošnjačka nošnja na Bjelašnici (Bosniac costume on Bjelašnica). Sarajevo: 1999.

 

2004.    Brown, Jessica, Mitchell, Nora and Beresford, Michael (Eds) (2004). The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: 2004.

 

2004.    Bešlagić, Šefik. Leksikon stećaka (Lexicon of Stećak Tombstones). Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 2004.

 

2005.    Mušeta-Aščerić, Vesna. Sarajevo i njegova okolina u 15. stoljeću (Sarajevo and Environs in the 15th century). Sarajevo: 2005.

 

2006.    Karović, Elma; Kunovac, Saša. Područje sa posebnim karakteristikama: Igman-Bjelašnica-Treskavica i Kanjon Rakitnice (Visočica) (An Area with Distinctive Features: Igman-Bjelašnica-Treskavica and the Rakitnica Gorge [Visočica]), Report. Sarajevo: 2006.

 

2006.    Berilo, Zejnil. Aktuelno stanje populacije Velikog Tetrijeba u planinskom kompleksu Igmana i Bjelašnice (Current State of the Capercaillie Population of the Mountain Complex of Igman and Bjelašnica). Sarajevo: University of Sarajevo, 2006.

           

2008.    Various authors. Prirodna baština Kantona Sarajevo (Natural Heritage of Sarajevo Canton). Sarajevo: 2008.


(1) Popović, Jovo, “Ljetni stanovi (mahale) na planini Bjelašnici,” Sarajevo: Jnl of the National Museum in Sarajevo (natural history) XLIV/1932. 59; Beljkašić-Hadžidedić, Ljiljana, Bošnjačka nošnja na Bjelašnici, Sarajevo: 1999, 8.

(2) Anđelić, Pavao, “Teritorijalno-politička organizacija župe Neretve i njezino mjesto u širim političkim okvirima,” In: Studije o teritorijalno-političkoj organizaciji Bosne i Hercegovine od najstarijih vremena do pada ovih zemalja pod osmansku vlast, Sarajevo: 1982, 113.; Anđelić, Pavao, Historijski spomenici Konjica i okoline, Konjic: 1975, 157, 305; Šabanović, Hazim, Bosanski pašaluk, Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1982, 126.

(3) Šabanović, Hazim, Op.cit, Sarajevo: „Svjetlost“, 1982, 116-126. + map, p.128.; Anđelić, Pavao, Op.cit., Konjic: 1975, 308.

(4) Igrište (Igrišće) – usually small hillocks or terraces used as dancing grounds, close to an inhabited area, arrayed around larger villages forming the geographical centre of a group of villages. They usually feature in villages with churches, though not close to the church. For the Slavs, dance was an integral part of ritual, and even today every gathering, outing or village fair in the Zabjelašnica area is spatially and temporally associated with religious rituals (Anđelić, 1975, 286).

(5) Anđelić, Pavao, Op.cit., Konjic: 1975, 266-293.

(6) For more on stećci, see the Decision of the Commission designating the historic site of the Mramorje necropolis with stećci and old nišans in Lavšići, municipality Olovo, as a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina, no. 02-02-228/07-9 dated 5 November 2008, and the web site of the Commission: www.aneks8komisija.com.ba

(7) Pavao Anđelić states that Vaclav Radimsky recorded 51 tombstones on this site (34 slabs and 17 gabled), while he recorded 47 (six slabs, 37 chests and four gabled). (P. Anđelić, op.cit., 1975, 202, 219). Š. Bešlagić recorded the same number as P. Anđelić. (Š. Bešlagić, op.cit., 1971, 179).

(8) Patsch, Karl, “Rimska mjesta u konjičkom kotaru,” Sarajevo: Jnl of the National Museum, 1902, 331.

(9) Anđelić, Pavao, Op.cit., Konjic: 1975, 219; Bešlagić, Šefik, Stećci-kataloško-topografski pregled, Sarajevo: IP Veselin Masleša, 1971, 179.

(10) Strikingly, this type of decoration on this stećak was not noted either by P. Anđelić, Š. Bešlagić, or M. Wenzel.

(11)  This necropolis with five stećci is not recorded in any of the reference works.

(12) Mušeta-Aščerić, Vesna, Sarajevo i njegova okolina u 15. stoljeću, Sarajevo: 2005, 30.

(13) Tabaković-Tošić, Mara et.al., “Prilog poznavanju faune carabidae (Coleoptera) planinskog masiva Igman-Bjelašnica,” Jnl of the National Museum of BiH – natural history, Sarajevo: 1991, 139-154.

(14) Berilo, Zejnil, Aktuelno stanje populacije Velikog Tetrijeba u planinskom kompleksu Igmana i Bjelašnice, Sarajevo: Univerzitet Sarajevo, 2006, 6-7.

(15) Mušeta-Aščerić, Vesna, Op.cit., Sarajevo: 2005, 90-91.

(16) Tabaković-Tošić, Mara et.al., op.cit., Sarajevo: 1991, 139-154.

(17) Berilo, Zejnil, Op.cit., Sarajevo: 2006, 8-9.

(18) Tabaković-Tošić, Mara et.al., op.cit., Sarajevo: 1991, 139-154.

(19) Karović, Elma; Kunovac, Saša, Područje sa posebnim karakteristikama:  Igman-Bjelašnica-Treskavica i Kanjon Rakitnice (Visočica), Report, Sarajevo: 2006, 10-12.

(20) Karović, Elma; Kunovac, Saša, Op.cit., Sarajevo: 2006, 8-9.

(21) Various authors, Prirodna baština Kantona Sarajevo, Sarajevo: 2008, 116.

(22) Karović, Elma; Kunovac, Saša, Op.cit., Sarajevo: 2006, 28.

(23) Karović, Elma; Kunovac, Saša, Op.cit., Sarajevo: 2006, 31.

(24) Karović, Elma; Kunovac, Saša, Op.cit., Sarajevo: 2006, 28-39.



Umoljani, the natural and historic siteUmoljani, the natural and historic siteUmoljani, the natural and historic siteNecropolis with 47 stećak tombstones
Necropolis with 47 stećak tombstonesNecropolis with 47 stećak tombstonesNecropolis with 47 stećak tombstones, stećak tombstone no. 1Necropolis with 47 stećak tombstones, stećak tombstones no. 2 and 3
Necropolis with 47 stećak tombstones, stećak tombstone no. 8Necropolis with 47 stećak tombstones, stećak tombstones no. 8 - round dance Necropolis with 47 stećak tombstones, stećak tombstone no. 13Necropolis with 47 stećak tombstones, stećak tombstone no. 16
Site with isolated stećak tombstoneIsolated stećak tombstoneNecropolis with five stećak tombstonesRemains of the building at Crkvina
Nišan tombstones no. 2 and 3Nišan tombstones no. 7, 8 and 9  


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