Status of monument -> National monument
Published
in the “Official Gazette of BiH”, no. 58/09.
Pursuant
to Article V para. 4 Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina
and Article 39 para. 1 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission to Preserve
National Monuments, at a session held from 10 to 16 March 2009 the Commission
adopted a
D E C I S
I O N
I
The
cultural landscape of the Pliva Lakes with group of mills on the Pliva river
near Jajce is hereby designated as a National Monument of Bosnia
and Herzegovina (hereinafter: the National
Monument).
The
National Monument consists of the Greater and Lesser Pliva Lakes, including a
strip 50 m wide around the lake shores and the group of mills on the Pliva
river.
The
National Monument is located on a site designated as c. p. no. 16/24/1,
16/24/2, 16/29, 16/11, 16/28/1, 16/16, 16/18, 16/26, 16/27, 16/13, 16/19,
16/21, 16/20, 16/12, 16/25, 16/14, 16/23/2, 16/23/3, 16/17, 16/15, 16/22 and
861/3, title deed no. 2449, 607, 684, 278, 624, 678, 686, 813, 846, 687, 1778,
1088, 2281, 2282, 441, 24, 140, 186, 187, 266, 1089, Land Register entry no.
625, cadastral municipality Jajce II, Jajce Municipality, Federation of Bosnia
and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The
provisions relating to protection measures set forth by the Law on the
Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National
Monuments, established pursuant to Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement
for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of the Federation of BiH
nos. 2/02. 27/02. 6/04 and 51/07) shall apply to the National Monument.
II
The
Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: the
Government of the Federation) shall be responsible for providing the legal,
scientific, technical, administrative and financial measures necessary for the
protection, restoration, conservation, maintenance and presentation of the
National Monument.
The
Commission to Preserve National Monuments (hereinafter: the Commission) shall
determine the technical requirements and secure the funds for preparing and
setting up signboards with basic details of the monument and the Decision to
proclaim the property a National Monument.
III
To ensure
the on-going protection of the National Monument on the site defined in Clause
1 para. 3 of this Decision, the following protection measures are hereby
stipulated:
-
conservation and
restoration works, routine maintenance works, and works designed to present the
monument shall be permitted with the approval of the Federal Ministry
responsible for regional planning and under the expert supervision of the
heritage protection authority of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina;
-
during the restoration,
conservation and routine maintenance of the group of mills on the Pliva, the
traditional appearance of the mills shall be preserved, and original materials,
building methods and binders shall be used; care shall also be taken to respect
the natural surroundings;
-
with a view to preserving
the natural surroundings, regular monitoring shall be carried out and
protection measures shall be implemented in line with the recommendations set
out in the Nomination File and the Management Plan for the historic urban area
of Jajce, Bosnia and Herzegovina (documents drawn up by the Commission to
Preserve National Monuments; the body responsible for implementing the
Management Plan is the Agency for the Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage
and Tourism Development of Jajce);
-
a programme for the
revitalization of the site shall be drawn up, including determining the use of
the group of mills in a manner that will not result in damage to the structure
of the buildings or to the site and the natural surroundings, while
facilitating the sustainable development of the local community;
-
all works that could
endanger the National Monument are prohibited, as is the erection of temporary
facilities or permanent structures not designed solely for the protection and
presentation of the National Monument.
The
following urgent protection measures are hereby prescribed for the purpose
of protecting the National Monument:
-
conducting a detailed
architectural survey of the current condition of the group of mills to
determine the exact extent of the damage to each of the mills;
-
drawing up a project for
the conservation of the property based on the architectural survey;
-
clearing the site of
self-sown vegetation;
-
the conservation and
restoration of the mills in line with the restoration and conservation project;
-
drawing up a maintenance
plan and programme for the group of mills, specifying the organization
responsible for implementing the programme.
To
protect the values of the National Monument, a buffer zone is hereby
stipulated with a radius of 200 metres from the boundaries of the National
Monument. In this buffer zone the construction of new buildings that could be
detrimental in size or height to the National Monument or the natural
surroundings is prohibited, as are the extension or addition of further storeys
to existing properties that could have the effect of impairing the National
Monument.
IV
All
executive and area development planning acts not in accordance with the
provisions of this Decision are hereby revoked.
V
Everyone,
and in particular the competent authorities of the Federation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina, the Canton, and urban and municipal authorities, shall refrain
from any action that might damage the National Monument or jeopardize the
preservation thereof.
VI
The
Government of the Federation, the Federal Ministry responsible for regional
planning, the Federation heritage protection authority, and the Municipal
Authorities in charge of urban planning and land registry affairs, shall be
notified of this Decision in order to carry out the measures stipulated in
Articles II to V of this Decision, and the Authorized Municipal Court shall be
notified for the purposes of registration in the Land Register.
VII
The
elucidation and accompanying documentation form an integral part of this
Decision, which may be viewed by interested parties on the premises or by
accessing the website of the Commission (http://www.aneks8komisija.com.ba)
VIII
Pursuant
to Art. V para 4 Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina,
decisions of the Commission are final.
IX
On the
date of adoption of this Decision, the National Monument shall be deleted from
the Provisional List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina
(Official Gazette of BiH no. 33/02. Official Gazette of Republika Srpska no.
79/02. Official Gazette of the Federation of BiH no. 59/02. and Official
Gazette of Brčko District BiH no. 4/03), where it featured under serial no. 279.
X
This
Decision shall enter into force on the day following its publication in the
Official Gazette of BiH.
This
Decision has been adopted by the following members of the Commission: Zeynep
Ahunbay, Martin Cherry, Amra Hadžimuhamedović, Dubravko Lovrenović, and
Ljiljana Ševo.
No: 09-2-40/09-21
12 March 2009
Sarajevo
Chair of
the Commission
Dubravko
Lovrenović
E l u c i
d a t i o n
I – INTRODUCTION
Pursuant
to Article 2. paragraph 1 of the Law on the Implementation of the Decisions of
the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, established pursuant to Annex 8
of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a
“National Monument” is an item of public property proclaimed by the Commission
to Preserve National Monuments to be a National Monument pursuant to Articles V
and VI of Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and
Herzegovina and property entered on the Provisional List of National Monuments
of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of BiH no. 33/02) until the
Commission reaches a final decision on its status, as to which there is no time
limit and regardless of whether a petition for the property in question has
been submitted or not.
The
Commission to Preserve National Monuments issued a decision to add the property
of the mills on the river Pliva in Jajce to the Provisional List of
National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of
BiH no. 33/02) under serial no. 279.
Pursuant
to the provisions of the law, the Commission proceeded to carry out the
procedure for reaching a final decision to designate the Property as a National
Monument, pursuant to Article V para. 4 of Annex 8 and Article 35 of the Rules
of Procedure of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments.
II – PROCEDURE PRIOR TO DECISION
In the
procedure preceding the adoption of a final decision to proclaim the property a
national monument, the following documentation was inspected:
-
Documentation on the
location of the property (copy of cadastral plan).
-
Data on the current
condition and use of the property, including a description and photographs,
data of war damage, data on restoration or other works on the property, etc.
-
Historical, architectural
and other documentary material on the property, as set out in the bibliography
forming part of this Decision.
The
findings based on the review of the above documentation and the condition of
the property are as follows:
Statement of significance
The
twenty mills on the river Pliva between the Greater and Lesser Lakes constitute
a group of traditional buildings of outstanding interest, and one that makes a
major contribution to the townscape and landscape of the historic town of Jajce and its environs. The
area is of outstanding natural, geological and scientific interest, and cannot
be considered in isolation from its built heritage. The group of mills is a
survival from local, small-scale industrial architecture and the expression of
local carpentry skills and traditional building methods. Though almost entirely
rebuilt, the mills are located in their original setting and were reconstructed
using traditional materials and building methods.
1. Details of the property
Location
The cultural
landscape is located 6 km to the northwest of Jajce town centre, where the
river Pliva forms a series of lakes, the Greater, Lesser and Round Lakes.
The mills themselves are located on the tufa barrier between the Greater and
Lesser Lakes.
The
National Monument is located on a site designated as c. p. no. 16/24/1,
16/24/2, 16/29, 16/11, 16/28/1, 16/16, 16/18, 16/26, 16/27, 16/13, 16/19,
16/21, 16/20, 16/12, 16/25, 16/14, 16/23/2, 16/23/3, 16/17, 16/15, 16/22 and
861/3, title deed no. 2449, 607, 684, 278, 624, 678, 686, 813, 846, 687, 1778,
1088, 2281, 2282, 441, 24, 140, 186, 187, 266, 1089, Land Register entry no.
625, cadastral municipality Jajce II, Jajce Municipality, Federation of Bosnia
and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Access to
the National Monument is from the east, from the Jajce to Jezero road.
The main
axis of eight of the mills lies east-west, approached from the east, and of the
other twelve lies south-east/north-west, approached from the south-east.
Historical information
“The whole
region of Jajce is rich in natural heritage which is impossible to consider
separately from its architectural heritage. In Jajce, these two values
intertwine. The phenomenon of travertine and travertine layers on parts of the
Vrbas and Pliva watercourses plays a special role. Apart from being part of a
unique composition, this belt in itself has a great value as a natural rarity.
[...]
The past
researches have established that Plivsko Lake with its surroundings, primarily
with the springs of the rivers Pliva and Janj, the waterfalls near Bukva and
Sokolina, Dragnić and Oličkin Lakes, the Janj Gorge with the rich ornithofauna,
the cave near Plivsko Lake, and the water mills, cascades and natural
landscapes, i.e., the forests and meadows with rare flora and fauna, makes an
extraordinary natural ensemble.
[…]
The
water mills and stamping mills, where grain was ground and cloth was fulled,
are among Jajce's more important commercial buildings. From the waterfall to
Pijavici, in the very centre of the town, “there were once up to a hundred
water wheels turned by the river Pliva,” powering the flour mills and stamping
mills. Since Jurjević's Relacija was written in 1626, this means that leather
was also being tanned in Jajce at that time, and that some of the mills were
probably already in existence during the time of the Bosnian kings. By 1885
there were fifteen mills on the stretch, with 87 millstones, and one stamping
mill for fulling cloth, which continued operating until 1945.
The
only surviving mills in Jajce, five kilometres from the town centre, are known
as Mlinčići. They stand on the tufa partition between the Great and the Lesser
Lakes, and are buildings of great ethnographic value. In 1984 work began to
reconstruct them to a design by Hazim Handžić of the Institute for the
Protection of the Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage of BiH. The works
were completed in 1985.”(1)
2. Description of the property
“The
Jajce historical area is an extraordinary and unique combination of
architectural and natural heritage, which has preserved to a high degree its
authenticity and coherence. In this unique integration of human efforts that
bear witness to numerous and various epochs, their succession, mutual
supplementation and harmonisation on the one hand, and the forms built by
nature in the infinity of its diversity, in the fascinating phenomena of
emergence of water, air, and soil, objects of sacral and fortifications
architecture met with Varošnica travertine cliffs, residential and memorial
buildings with travertine caves, bridges and water mills with the rivers Vrbas
and Pliva watercourses and the waterfall.
Jajce's
historical urban area is a spatially and topographically self-contained
ensemble. Two components are crucial for the formation of the town image. They
are the role of the terrain morphology and natural phenomena – rivers,
waterfalls, cascades, travertine rocks. The other component is the mutual
permeation of the natural and what human hand made. In Jajce, the element of
natural conditions is very strong – dominant – so that man's intervention in
the "dramatic set" designed by nature only fits into what could be
called the genius loci.”(2)
The
cultural landscape of the group of mills on the Pliva near Jajce constitutes a
distinctive method of exploiting a natural resource, water, and helps to
maintain the biodiversity of this area of outstanding natural interest. This
cultural landscape is one that has evolved organically, attesting to the
interdependence, social development and interaction between people and the
natural environment, and to a specific way of using natural resources that is,
above all, sustainable. The setting of the mills and the way they make use of
the current, far from damaging the natural environment and resources, in fact
sustains the specific features and limits of their natural setting.
The
cultural landscape of the group of mills on the Pliva near Jajce came into
being initially for economic reasons, but has evolved into its present form by
interacting with and responding to the natural surroundings.
Protecting
the group of mills entails not only preserving the wooden mills themselves; the
preservation of the ensemble helps to preserve the entire area, which is one of
the features by which Jajce is recognized, encourages the sustainable use of
natural resources, and helps to maintain the natural values of the landscape.
Natural surroundings
“The
river Pliva plays the vital part in the economic and environmental development
of the region. It is the left tributary of the river Vrbas, 33 km long, with
the catchment area of 768 km2. It is formed from two springs at the foot of Mt
Smiljevac – Jastrebnjak at the altitude of 483 m, which after 300 m join into a
stream. The Pliva is the most important natural resource of this region. The
river and its surroundings are characterised by the specific geological ground
composition and specific morphological and hydrological conditions, since its
bed in its full length from the settlement of Jezero 20 km to the west of Jajce
all the way to its confluence with the Vrbas is made of travertine.
Travertine
is broadly distributed and a large part of the town lies on it. According to
the geologist Dr. Haberlehner's information, the thickness of the travertine
layer in the part of the Pliva bed in the very town centre is between 60 and 70
m, and according to some other scientists even over 100 metres. The continuous
and uninterrupted precipitation of this so-called phytogene travertine is the
natural and basic phenomenon of the Jajce area.
Certain
conditions have to be created for the precipitation of travertine. Actually,
water has to contain a certain degree of alkalinity and carbonate hardness.
This area is ideal as such conditions can be created owing to the rock
composition (limestones and dolomites). The property of limestones and
dolomites is that they easily dissolve in water and thus create various natural
phenomena like caves, plateaux, steeps, canyons… With the dissolution of
limestone in water, one of the most important matters required for the
formation of travertine cascades is formed - dissolvable calcium-carbonate.
Super-saturation of water with calcium is the basic precondition for its
precipitation. Additionally, water has to be clean and should by no means
contain increased organic matter concentration, which is a strong barrier for
the unique process to develop.
The
presence of water algae and some mosses is another precondition for the
precipitation of travertine, especially as a factor for shaping the so-called
calcareous secretions. These water plants lend a special shape to the
precipitated travertine, so that according to the types of flora we
differentiate the biological types of travertine.
[…]
One of
the essential conditions favourable for the precipitation of travertine is the
amount of light, as the lighting defines the types of biocenoses inhabiting
cascades, i.e., whether on them the vegetation of the light will prevail or the
vegetation of the shadow. The speed of travertine precipitation depends also on
the fall and form of the river course, the roughness of the surface on which
travertine is precipitated, etc.
[…]
Plivska Lakes are situated
on the northwest side from the town centre at a 6 km distance. In that section,
the river makes its Veliko (Great), Malo (Little) and Okruglo (Round) Lakes.
Veliko plivsko Lake is at the altitude of 425 m, 3.300 m long, and
approximately 1 km wide. Its maximal depth is 36 m. Donje (Lower) Lake has a smaller area; it is about 1 km long and about
380 m wide, its maximal depth is 16 m. Geological development of these lakes
has passed through all the development processes, so it has the character of tectonic,
lacustrine and fluvial phases. The clearly differentiated hydrographic
processes conditioned their emergence. Lakes emerged in the late Tertiary, and
finally were formed in the Quaternary and Holocene. Plivska Lakes communicate
with each other, but their borders continually shift due to the intensive
vertical and side erosions. The lakes are separated from each other by the
specific travertine barriers, for which decisive period was the latest ten
thousand years or so, during which prevailed ecological relations favourable
for the travertine precipitation and emergence of lakes. These barriers are
another natural phenomenon of this area, formed under specific
physical-chemical and biological conditions. Undissolvable limestone formed by
dissolution of calcium-bicarbonate would be carried away if the plants and
animals keeping it were not settled in such places and thus partly stopped the
course of water, forming travertine barriers. These complex communities of
flora and fauna act like a filter. The plants inhabiting cascades are adapted
to the life in the fast running waters. Mosses and algae, like numerous fibres,
can be seen in the direction of water course; they have very strong organs to
hold onto the base, while some of the algae in running waters have thick and
short gallert stalks. Water plants, just like terrestrial, need carbon dioxide
for their growth, which they take from the part of free carbonic acid in water.
With this they disturb the chemical balance between the dissolved calcium bicarbonate
and free carbonic acid. In exchange for the carbon dioxide taken away, water
through the dissolution of calcium bicarbonate releases a certain amount of
calcium carbonate onto the plants in the form of the lime crust. In this
process, the major role is played by the blue-green algae of which some species
live in shallower and warmer waters, where calcium is deposited in their
structure. Along with algae, mosses also take part in this process, which cause
the formation of the so-called porous travertine. Lime is released and deposits
onto the moss roots where it hardens. Plants resist this by incessant growth.
The lower moss parts die and turn into porous stone, tuff or travertine. The
pore size in travertine depends on the type of the encrusted moss. The moss
stalks form travertine with larger pores, and the branches finely porous
travertine. For the growth of travertine important are not only some sorts of
algae and mosses, but also various epiphytes (plants that live on other plants,
but do not use them, e.g. various lichens) which overgrow moss communities on
travertine forms. The process of travertine precipitation begins on the
surfaces overgrown by epiphytes releasing a sticky substance on the basis of
polysaccharides. The organisms releasing the aforesaid sticky matter are called
Mucopolysaccharides.
Generally,
the youngest travertine precipitates are mostly formed by the blue-green algae.
They create conditions for the light moss vegetation (Cinclidotus) to settle
after them, which in turn enables the formation of dry parts on travertine barriers.
Then higher vegetation can settle there, which gradually shadows the cascade
surface parts and thus creates conditions for the development of the shadow
moss vegetation (Cratoneurum). It is this vegetation that stimulates the most
intensive travertine growth. Travertine precipitation is a natural process
which acts also as a factor of protection of the Karst watercourses. Lakes are
important objects of the protection of nature.”(3)
The group of mills
The
layout of the mills on the tufa barrier between the Greater and Lesser Lakes on
the river Pliva, with their natural setting into which they fit so well as part
of the natural order of things, is characterized by an “ebullience” in which
their harmony with nature is plain to see. The mills have become an inseparable
part of the natural environment, blending with and yet growing organically out
of it, as naturally as the vegetation that surrounds them.
The
arrangement of the mills is the result of a marked feeling for the area and
respect for the natural conditions. It reveals the ability of vernacular
builders, their knowledge of the site, their skill in adapting the building to
the site and locating each mill where it could most easily be placed so as to
feed the water to the mill wheel. The architecture of the mills is evidence of
the ability of the vernacular builder to make each mill in a highly practical
and simple manner.
The way
the mills were built is wholly dictated by their function and raison d'être;
these simple but essential structures are free of all superfluity, from
construction to the smallest detail, without any decoration. The vernacular
builder set them in this stunning natural environment without feeling the need
to display his own design and artistic skills. Free of any need for
self-expression, the group of mills as a whole, and every detail within it,
expresses rather the modesty of the builder, his acceptance of the demands of
their function and of the natural surroundings.
The group
of mills on the Pliva near Jajce consists of twenty (20) mills, forming two
rows on the tufa barriers. They are all timber-built, standing on piles of
unequal length, reflecting the sloping site, and have multipaned roofs clad
with shingles. In front of each mill is an entrance platform of wooden boards,
the same length as the mill and about 70 cm wide. Each mill is completely
equipped with millstones, mill wheels and so on.
All the
troughs that channelled water to the mill wheels are of wood, consisting of
wooden boards on rectangular-section wooden uprights.
As stated
in the technical description of the working design for the group of mills on
the Pliva, compiled by the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments
and Natural Rarities of Bosnia and Herzegovina(4), the mills may be classified by structural system, roof structure
and layout.
There are
two different structural systems:
-
those made of boards
interlocking at the corners and forming an integral part of the primary
structural system;
-
those made with
load-bearing grooved posts at the corners as the primary structure, with a
board infill.
In terms
of roof structure, the mills may have a gabled or a three-paned roof.
In terms
of layout, some are single-celled and others twin-celled with a single roof(5).
The mills
are characterized by their simple, archaic appearance, with simplified details
necessitated solely by their function. They bear all the signs of having been
built by the general jobbing builders known as dunđeri, free of anything superfluous
or unnecessary. The structural system is subordinate to the nature of the
materials and the specific features of the site. Wooden piles driven into the
tufa support a wooden skeleton with a board infill or a vertical load-bearing
surface, depending on the type of building. The buildings are topped by
light-weight gabled or three-paned roofs(6).
Description of the mills
Mill no.
1(7)
Mill no.
1 is a two-cell unit (two mill wheels), measuring 4.10 x 3.00 m. The upper part
of the mill (the cell) is 3.20 m in height.
The
structure of the mill is supported by six (6) round-section posts, Ø 36 do 38
cm. The mill cells rest on two rows of rectangular-section beams, set
lengthwise and crosswise, on the posts, with the floor boards of the mill set
crosswise between the beams.
The
structural system of the mill consists of square section uprights with grooves
at the corners as the primary structure and boards as infill between the
uprights as the secondary structure.
The mill
has a gabled roof.
Mill no.
2
Mill no.
2 is a single-cell unit (one mill wheel), measuring 2.60 x 3.50 m. The upper
part of the mill (the cell) is 3.00 m in height.
The
structure of the mill is supported by four (4) round-section posts, Ø 30 cm.
The mill cell rests on two rows of rectangular- and square-section beams, set
lengthwise and crosswise, on the posts, with the floor boards of the mill set
crosswise between the beams.
The
structural system of the mill consists of boards interlocking at the corners. On
the entrance front are three square-section posts into which the primary
structural system is slotted.
The mill
has a three-paned roof.
Mill no.
3
Mill no.
3 is a two-cell unit (two mill wheels), measuring 3.50 x 2.90 m. The upper part
of the mill (the cell) is 3.20 m in height.
The structure
of the mill is supported by six (6) round-section posts, Ø 28 to 30 cm. The
mill cells rest on two rows of square-section beams, set lengthwise and
crosswise, on the posts, with the floor boards of the mill set crosswise
between the beams.
The structural
system of the mill consists of square section uprights with grooves at the
corners as the primary structure and boards as infill between the uprights as
the secondary structure.
The mill
has a gabled roof.
Mill no.
4
Mill no.
4 is a single-cell unit (one mill wheel), measuring 4.20 x 3.75 m. The upper
part of the mill (the cell) is 3.30 m in height.
The
structure of the mill is supported by three (3) round-section posts, Ø 35 cm,
and three stone bolsters measuring approx. 50 x 50 cm, with a height of 30 cm.
The mill cell rests on two rows of rectangular-section beams, set lengthwise
and crosswise, on the posts and bolsters, with the floor boards of the mill set
crosswise between the beams.
The
structural system of the mill consists of boards interlocking at the corners. On
the entrance front are three square-section posts into which the primary
structural system is slotted.
The mill
has a three-paned roof.
Mill no.
5
Mill no.
5 is a single-cell unit (one mill wheel), measuring 2.60 x 3.30 m. The upper
part of the mill (the cell) is 3.0 m in height.
The
structure of the mill is supported by six (6)(8) round-section posts, Ø 20 and 30 cm. The mill cell rests on two
rows of square-section beams, set lengthwise and crosswise, on the posts, with
the floor boards of the mill set crosswise between the beams.
The
structural system of the mill consists of boards interlocking at the corners. On
the entrance front, around the door, are two square-section posts into which
the primary structural system is slotted.
The mill
has a gabled roof.
Mill no.
6
Mill no.
6 is a single-cell unit (one mill wheel), measuring 2.40 x 3.60 m. The upper
part of the mill (the cell) is 3.50 m in height.
The
structure of the mill is supported by six (6)(9) round-section posts, Ø 28 to 30 cm. The mill cell rests on two
rows of square-section beams, set lengthwise and crosswise, on the posts, with
the floor boards of the mill set crosswise between the beams.
The
structural system of the mill consists of boards interlocking at the corners. On
the entrance front, where the door and the side wall meets, is a square-section
post into which the primary structural system is slotted.
The mill
has a three-paned roof.
Mill no.
7
Mill no.
7 is a single-cell unit (one mill wheel), measuring 2.20 x 3.30 m. The upper
part of the mill (the cell) is 3.00 m in height.
The
structure of the mill is supported by six (6)(10) round-section posts, Ø 16 cm (in the case of the posts supporting
the entrance platform) and Ø 33 and 38 cm. The mill cell rests on two rows of
square-section beams, set lengthwise and crosswise, on the posts, with the
floor boards of the mill set crosswise between the beams.
The
structural system of the mill consists of square section uprights with grooves
at the corners as the primary structure and boards as infill between the
uprights as the secondary structure.
The mill
has a gabled roof.
Mill no.
8
Mill no.
7 is a single-cell unit (one mill wheel), measuring 3.60 x 2.80 m. The upper
part of the mill (the cell) is 3.10 m in height.
The
structure of the mill is supported by five (5)(11) round-section posts, Ø 16 cm (in the case of the post supporting
the entrance platform) and Ø 26 and 30 cm, and one stone bolster. The mill cell
rests on two rows of square-section beams, set lengthwise and crosswise, on the
posts, with the floor boards of the mill set crosswise between the beams.
The
structural system of the mill consists of square section uprights with grooves
at the corners as the primary structure and boards as infill between the uprights
as the secondary structure.
The mill
has a gabled roof.
Mill no.
9
Mill no.
9 is a single-cell unit (one mill wheel), measuring 3.05 x 2.70 m. The upper
part of the mill (the cell) is 3.0 m in height.
The
structure of the mill is supported by two (2) round-section posts, Ø 28 cm, and
two stone bolsters measuring approx. 50 x 50 cm, with a height of 30 cm. The
mill cell rests on two rows of rectangular-section beams, set lengthwise and
crosswise, on the posts, with the floor boards of the mill set crosswise
between the beams.
The
structural system of the mill consists of square section uprights with grooves
at the corners as the primary structure and boards as infill between the
uprights as the secondary structure.
The mill
has a three-paned roof.
Mill no.
10
Mill no.
10 is a single-cell unit (one mill wheel), measuring 2.60 x 3.10 m. The upper
part of the mill (the cell) is 2.50 m in height.
The
structure of the mill is supported by two (2) round-section posts, Ø 32 cm and
two stone bolsters measuring approx. 50 x 50 cm, with a height of 30 cm. The
mill cell rests on two rows of square-section beams, set lengthwise and
crosswise, on the posts, with the floor boards of the mill set crosswise
between the beams.
The
structural system of the mill consists of boards interlocking at the corners. On
the entrance front are three square-section posts into which the primary
structural system is slotted.
The mill
has a gabled roof.
Mill no.
11
Mill no.
11 is a single-cell unit (one mill wheel), measuring 2.80 x 3.50 m. The upper
part of the mill (the cell) is 2.70 m in height.
The
structure of the mill is supported six (6) bearing structures; two (2)
round-section posts, Ø 16 cm (the posts of the entrance platform), two (2)
round-section posts, Ø 30 cm and two stone bolsters measuring approx. 50 x 50
cm, with a height of 30 cm. The mill cell rests on two rows of rectangular- and
square-section beams, set lengthwise and crosswise, on the posts, with the
floor boards of the mill set crosswise between the beams.
The
structural system of the mill consists of square section uprights with grooves
at the corners as the primary structure and boards as infill between the
uprights as the secondary structure.
The mill
has a gabled roof.
Mill no.
12
Mill no.
12 is a single-cell unit (one mill wheel), measuring 2.90 x 3.20 m. The upper
part of the mill (the cell) is 2.80 m in height.
The
structure of the mill is supported by six (6) round-section posts, Ø 24 cm
(posts of the entrance platform), and Ø 28 and 30 cm. The mill cell rests on
two rows of rectangular- and square-section beams, set lengthwise and
crosswise, on the posts, with the floor boards of the mill set crosswise
between the beams.
The
structural system of the mill consists of square section uprights with grooves
at the corners as the primary structure and boards as infill between the
uprights as the secondary structure.
The mill
has a three-paned roof.
Mill no.
13
Mill no.
13 is a single-cell unit (one mill wheel), measuring 5.35 x 3.20 m. The upper
part of the mill (the cell) is 3.30 m in height.
The
structure of the mill is supported by six (6) round-section posts, Ø 16 cm
(posts of the entrance platform), and Ø 26 and 28 cm. The mill cell rests on
two rows of square-section beams, set lengthwise and crosswise, on the posts,
with the floor boards of the mill set crosswise between the beams.
The
structural system of the mill consists of boards interlocking at the corners. On
the entrance front are three square-section posts into which the primary
structural system is slotted.
The mill
has a gabled roof.
Mill no.
14
Mill no.
14 is a single-cell unit (one mill wheel), measuring 2.60 x 3.20 m. The upper
part of the mill (the cell) is 2.60 m in height.
The
structure of the mill is supported by four (4) round-section posts, Ø 29 and 32
cm. The mill cell rests on two rows of square-section beams, set lengthwise and
crosswise, on the posts, with the floor boards of the mill set crosswise
between the beams.
The
structural system of the mill consists of boards interlocking at the corners. On
the entrance front are three square-section posts into which the primary
structural system is slotted.
The mill
has a gabled roof.
Mill no.
15
Mill no.
15 is a single-cell unit (one mill wheel), measuring 2.80 x 3.35 m. The upper part
of the mill (the cell) is 2.80 m in height.
The
structure of the mill is supported by six (6) bearing structures: two (2)
round-section posts, Ø 30 cm and four stone bolsters measuring approx. 50 x 50
cm, with a height of 15 to 30 cm. The mill cell rests on two rows of
square-section beams, set lengthwise and crosswise, on the posts and bolsters,
with the floor boards of the mill set crosswise between the beams.
The
structural system of the mill consists of square section uprights with grooves
at the corners as the primary structure and boards as infill between the
uprights as the secondary structure.
The mill
has a gabled roof.
Mill no.
16
Mill no.
16 is a single-cell unit (one mill wheel), measuring 2.80 x 2.80 m. The upper
part of the mill (the cell) is 2.80 m in height.
The
structure of the mill is supported by six (6) round-section posts, Ø 24 cm
(posts of the entrance platform), and Ø 30 cm. The mill cell rests on two rows
of rectangular-section beams, set lengthwise and crosswise, on the posts, with
the floor boards of the mill set crosswise between the beams.
The
structural system of the mill consists of boards interlocking at the corners. On
the entrance front are two rectangular-section posts into which the primary
structural system is slotted.
The mill
has a gabled roof.
Mill no.
17
Mill no.
17 is a single-cell unit (one mill wheel), measuring 2.80 x 3.75 m. The upper
part of the mill (the cell) is 2.70 m in height
The
structure of the mill is supported by six (6) round-section posts, Ø 25 cm (posts
of the entrance platform), and Ø 25 and 28 cm. The mill cell rests on two rows
of square-section beams, set lengthwise and crosswise, on the posts, with the
floor boards of the mill set crosswise between the beams.
The
structural system of the mill consists of square section uprights with grooves
at the corners as the primary structure and boards as infill between the
uprights as the secondary structure.
The mill
has a gabled roof.
Mill no.
18
Mill no.
18 is a single-cell unit (one mill wheel), measuring 2.85 x 3.75 m. The upper
part of the mill (the cell) is 2.50 m in height.
The
structure of the mill is supported by four (4) round-section posts, Ø 26 and 32
cm. The mill cell rests on two rows of rectangular- and square-section beams,
set lengthwise and crosswise, on the posts, with the floor boards of the mill
set crosswise between the beams.
The
structural system of the mill consists of boards interlocking at the corners. On
the entrance front are two rectangular-section and two square-section posts
into which the primary structural system is slotted.
The mill
has a gabled roof.
Mill no.
19
Mill no.
19 is a single-cell unit (one mill wheel), measuring 3.15 x 2.90 m. The upper
part of the mill (the cell) is 2.60 m in height
The
structure of the mill is supported by six (6) round-section posts Ø 18 cm
(posts of the entrance platform), and Ø 26 cm. The mill cell rests on two rows
of rectangular-, square-and round-section beams, set lengthwise and crosswise,
on the posts, with the floor boards of the mill set crosswise between the beams
The
structural system of the mill consists of boards interlocking at the corners. On
the entrance front are two rectangular-section and one square-section post into
which the primary structural system is slotted.
The mill
has a three-paned roof.
Mill no.
20
Mill no.
20 is a single-cell unit (one mill wheel), measuring 2.80 x 3.20 m. The upper
part of the mill (the cell) is 2.60 m in height.
The
structure of the mill is supported by six (6) round-section posts Ø 18 cm (posts
of the entrance platform), and Ø 24 and 26 cm. The mill cell rests on two rows
of rectangular- and square-section beams, set lengthwise and crosswise, on the
posts, with the floor boards of the mill set crosswise between the beams.
The
structural system of the mill consists of square section uprights with grooves
at the corners as the primary structure and boards as infill between the
uprights as the secondary structure.
The mill
has a gabled roof.
3. Legal status to date
The mills
on the river Pliva in Jajce are on the Provisional List of National
Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina
under serial no. 279.
4. Research and conservation and
restoration works
Natural surroundings
Repair
works on the channel and falls of the river Pliva to 1990
Repair works
carried out before World War I consisted of driving in wooden piles to support
a rock-fill barrier. Professional analyses carried out subsequently revealed
that this was a flawed repair method, chosen out of ignorance of the physical
and chemical characteristics of the tufa: the piles had caused a new level that
would lead to a further collapse of the waterfall.
[…]
Investigations
conducted for the purpose of drafting the technical documentation to build the
Jajce I hydropower plant revealed that the channel had deepened by 5 metres
between 1952 and 1957.
When
works began on the construction of the Jajce I generating station, the natural
tufa barriers of the Round
Lake were dug up in order
to build in 5 m diameter reinforced concrete inlet pipes.
The
project provided for the channel of the river Pliva downstream from the Great Lake
to prevent further erosion and to preserve the channel in its natural condition
as far as possible, creating suitable conditions for the tufa generators to
recover and tufa to be formed.
By
raising the height of the natural tufa barriers with the addition of a
reinforced concrete crest, the natural lake was turned into an artificial
reservoir, the Great and Small Pliva Lakes were merged,
a biological minimum of 3 m3/s was stipulated (retained to this day) to be
directed to the Small Lake via a water mill, four barriers were erected to
create the Round Lake, seven barriers were erected in the channel downstream
from the Round Lake, and the crest of the waterfall was constructed.
All these
works were carried out between 1956 and 1958. Between 1970 and
1972 a further four barriers were erected downstream from the Round Lake.
Repair
works on the channel and falls of the river Pliva carried out between 1996 and
2006
During
the night of 31 January to 1 February 1996, high water levels destroyed
the main regulatory ledge, ledge no. 1, creating a domino effect that wrought
havoc on the entire channel of the river Pliva and caused the right-hand crest
of the waterfall to collapse.
[…]
The
failure of the barriers resulted in a markedly increased rate of erosion,
altering the geometry of the channel in both depth and width, and deepening the
channel by as much as six metres in places. The collapse of the banks
threatened the stability of the roads, the properties along the banks, and the
abutments of all the bridges, which were undermined, causing one to give way
completely.
[…]
Despite
the urgency, it was only in June that year that an expert team was formed to
identify solutions to halt or reduce further degradation of the channel and
falls.
The
solutions proposed by the expert team under the heading “Intervention Repairs”
were designed to make good the reinforced concrete grill of the right flank of
the waterfall, fill in the cavern that had been formed, and redirect the water
towards the left flank of the waterfall by means of a gabion wall.
The works
began in September 1996, but were halted two months later because of a new
flood wave, which not only destroyed the repairs that had so far been carried
out but also caused further damage. An inspection and analysis of this latest
damage revealed that it was no longer possible to make good the falls by means
of the repairs proposed and already begun; the problem had become much more
complex and required a concomitantly more complex approach to the solution.
The
expert commission concluded that:
- the banks of the entire stretch of the river Pliva should be made
suitably stable, as should the abutments of the bridges and the waterfall
itself,
- the works should be kept to a minimum to retain the existing
geometry of the channel,
- the features of the surroundings should be retained and improved
to the fullest possible extent,
- every effort should be made to encourage the formation of tufa in
the channel,
- measures should be taken to prevent the retention of floating
waste,
- the terrain along the river banks should be provided with flood
protection,
- the extremely high costs of total repairs dictated the need to
draw up staged project documentation and to carry out the construction and
repairs themselves in stages.
The
investigative works were mainly based on three drillings each 20 m in depth,
one each in front of barrier 1 (left flank of the waterfall), barrier 2 (the
intermediate fall in the waterfall) and barrier 3 (the collapsed right flank of
the waterfall).
The paper
setting out the research works to identify the need for urgent repairs not only
provided an analysis describing the disastrous state of the waterfall and tufa
deposits, but also highlighted two facts:
- repairs needed to be carried out as a matter of urgency to prevent
the entire main waterfall at the confluence of the Pliva and the Vrbas from
collapsing, with unpredictable consequences for both the town of Jajce and the
channel of the Pliva;
-
the repair works would not
be simple, nor would it be possible to predict all the works with accuracy.
Many of the works and solutions applied will need to be adjusted to the actual
state of affairs on site, which could hold many surprises almost everywhere(12).
Group of mills
On
account of the poor structural condition of the mills on the Pliva, a
conservation project was drawn up in the early 1980s.
The
project for the group of mills on the Pliva in Jajce was based on a detailed
survey of the condition of the complex by the Institute for the Protection of
Cultural Monuments and Natural Rarities of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Architectural Studio, in December 1981(13).
As stated
in the project, the conservation of the complex took into account the fact that
the group of mills is an extremely valuable example of vernacular architecture
and the local tradition, which came into being spontaneously, to serve a very
specific purpose for the community. The technical description of the project
for the group of mills on the Pliva near Jajce notes that the complex had
certain values that should be preserved during the reconstruction. The values
to be preserved were said to be the dunđer style of treating the
materials, the simplicity of the structural solutions and other details, the
sense of ease and spontaneity in the way the mills fitted into their setting,
the sense of a certain imprecision and lack of uniformity and, despite the use
of almost identical elements, the absence of symmetry. Since the only materials
available when the mills were reconstructed were industrial, and with the aim
of achieving the same natural appearance as the original buildings, the project
provided for the factory-processed timber to be hewn to remove its sharp edges
and smooth surfaces. It also provided for all the surviving timbers to be
reused wherever possible. Only some of the posts on which the mills rest were
to be from factory-processed timber: the majority were to be felled in the
forest and trimmed to match the surviving posts. All the metal elements were to
be of wrought iron.
During
the reconstruction of the group of mills on the Pliva near Jajce provision was
made for paths linking the mills to provide an unbroken walkway through them. Two
kinds were proposed, both based on posts driven into the ground, with in one
case beams laid lengthwise and half-logs crosswise, and in the other pairs of
posts joined by cross-beams with boards laid over them lengthwise.
The
reconstruction works on the mills on the Pliva near Jajce were carried out in 1985.
During
the 1992-1995 war the group of mills in Jajce was damaged. Thanks to the
Federal Ministry of Culture and the Institute for the Protection of Monuments
of the Federal Ministry of Culture, the complex on the Pliva has been
completely restored.
5. Current condition of the
property
Natural surroundings
“Tufa is
created by moss and algae of a specific type in fresh water, which must meet
certain conditions. There is a great expanse of tufa, and much of the town of Jajce is built on it. The
generation of tufa formerly outstripped the process of erosion, as can be
observed on the upper strata of tufa, the top of which reaches a considerable
height. In the 1960s the process [of erosion] gained momentum, as evidence by
measurements taken in 1952 and 1957. Over a period of seven years, the level of
the river sank by five metres. The same process is occurring at the top of the
waterfall.
[…]
In order
to determine the causes of this process, the conditions that are required for
the tufa generators to create tufa and the principle of depositing tufa must be
known. The ecological conditions needed by the tufa generators, which Dr
Pavletić calls bryophytes, are:
- the necessary light levels, ideally 100%
- water temperature from 10.3 to 23.4 o C
- water speed from 0.5 to 3.4 m/sec, and
- the hydrochemical composition of the water: alkalinity from 3.6 to
2.7, i.e. an abundance of carbonates; water hardness from 10.2 to 7.6 deg, a
quantity of free CO2 and a pH value of 7.1 to 7.5
As noted,
the erosion of the tufa began long ago, with the cause a long-lasting
geomorphological process contingent on changes to the hydrological
characteristics of the river. At first the process was somewhat slower, with
the tufa generators to some extent compensating for the erosion of the tufa. It
may also be assumed that over a long period some of the conditions, such as
temperature, chemical composition and water quantity, would have altered.
The
causes of increased erosion can be explained as follows:
1. changes
to the regime of the Pliva river downstream from the Great Lake following the
construction of the hydropower plant with gravitational intervention on the
Great Lake in 1895, when as a result of this intervention low water, when the
regeneration of the tufa would have been possible, no longer
flowed, while mid-level and high water continued to exert constant erosion.
2. inexpert
repairs to the waterfall and reinforcement of the banks are another cause of
erosion.
3. with
disastrously high flood waters in 1932, there was extensive erosion. In a
single night the river bed cut into the tufa by about 2.0 m.
4. other
interventions to the river bed, such as re-routing water back to the mills, part
regulation, the extraction of tufa as building material, etc., also contributed
to further erosion.
The main
cause of erosion is thus major variations in water quantity leaving large areas
of the river bed without water over a long period.
In 1995
and 1996 there was another surge of high water, and the banks of the river
Pliva and some of the ledges of the river were again destroyed. The surge also
caused some landslips, damaged some roads, and caused serious damage to the
waterfall.
[…]
The
increased flow of water led to the riverbed being considerably deepened, and to
the undermining and part destruction of the river embankments and the banks
along the entire course of the Pliva from Round Lake
to its confluence with the Vrbas.” (14)
Group of mills
The group
of mills on the lake in Jajce is in relatively good condition. The basic threat
to the complex, which is a serious one, is the lack of routine maintenance, as
a result of which not one of the twenty mills is currently in use.
The
troughs channelling water to the mills are in a state of neglect, overgrown
with low-growing plants, and in some cases completely choked with rubbish and
branches, or even in a totally ruinous state.
The
park-style area of the entire site is well laid-out and kept properly
maintained. The site is equipped with the appropriate furniture (benches and
waste bins), and has clearly marked, tidy footpaths and play areas for
children. There are restaurants in the north-west part of the park, and toilets
in the north-east part.
Damage to the mills
Mill no.
1
The mill
is in relatively good condition as is the wooden trough (channelling water to
the wheel).
The
wooden elements of the upper part of the mill(15) are in very good condition, without any damage, and showing signs
of having been treated with wood preservative.
The
damage to the wooden elements of the lower part of the mill, the posts, takes
the form of missing parts of the posts and signs of rot in the timbers. The
middle sections of the posts, which are constantly exposed to moisture, are
covered with moss. The mill wheels are covered with moss and are not in working
order.
Mill no.
2
The
wooden trough, being broken and choked with branches, is not in use, and the
water flows past the trough rather than through it.
The mill
is in relatively good condition.
The
wooden elements of the upper part of the mill are in very good condition,
without any damage. The entrance platform is almost entirely in ruins.
The
damage to the wooden elements of the lower part of the mill, the posts, takes
the form of missing parts of the posts and signs of rot in the timbers. The
middle sections of the posts, which are constantly exposed to moisture, are
covered with moss. The mill wheel is missing, and a millstone is missing inside
the mill.
Mill no.
3
The
wooden trough is in a totally ruinous state, with only minor remains visible. The
absence of the trough means that the water flows under the mill.
The mill
is in relatively good condition.
The
wooden elements of the upper part of the mill are in very good condition,
without any damage. The entrance platform is almost entirely in ruins.
The
damage to the wooden elements of the lower part of the mill, the posts, takes
the form of missing parts of the posts and signs of rot in the timbers. The
middle sections of the posts, which are constantly exposed to moisture, are
covered with moss. The wooden mill wheel support and the wheels themselves are
missing.
Mill no.
4
The mill
is in relatively good condition as is the wooden trough.
The
wooden elements of the upper part of the mill are in very good condition,
without any damage, and showing signs of having been treated with wood
preservative.
The
damage to the wooden elements of the lower part of the mill, the posts, takes
the form of missing parts of the posts and signs of rot in the timbers. The
middle sections of the posts, which are constantly exposed to moisture, are
covered with moss. The mill wheels are covered with moss and are not in working
order.
Mill no.
5
The mill
is in relatively good condition. The wooden trough has survived, but the water
does not flow from the trough to the wheel.
The
wooden elements of the upper part of the mill are in very good condition,
without any damage, and showing signs of having been treated with wood
preservative. The entrance platform is slightly damaged.
The
damage to the wooden elements of the lower part of the mill, the posts, takes
the form of missing parts of the posts and signs of rot in the timbers. The
middle sections of the posts, which are constantly exposed to moisture, are
covered with moss. The mill wheels are covered with moss and are not in working
order.
Mill no.
6
The
wooden trough is in a totally ruinous state, with only minor remains (the
wooden supports of the trough) to be seen. The absence of the trough means that
the water flows under the mill.
The mill
is in relatively poor condition.
The
wooden elements of the upper part of the mill are in relatively good condition,
with only minor damage. The entrance platform is wholly in ruins, making it
impossible to reach the mill.
The
damage to the wooden elements of the lower part of the mill, the posts, takes
the form of missing parts of the posts and signs of rot in the timbers. The
middle sections of the posts, which are constantly exposed to moisture, are
covered with moss. The mill wheel is missing.
The part
of the mill in contact with the ground is completely overgrown with low-growing
plants.
Mill no.
7
The
wooden trough is partly in a ruinous state and partly overgrown with vegetation..
The mill
is in relatively poor condition.
The
wooden elements of the upper part of the mill are in relatively good condition,
with only minor damage. The floor of the mill has been completely destroyed.
The entrance platform is badly damaged, making it unsafe to enter the mill.
The
damage to the wooden elements of the lower part of the mill, the posts, takes
the form of missing parts of the posts and signs of rot in the timbers. The
middle sections of the posts, which are constantly exposed to moisture, are
covered with moss. A millstone and the mill wheel are missing.
The part
of the mill in contact with the ground is completely overgrown with low-growing
plants.
Mill no.
8
The
wooden trough is in a totally ruinous state with only minor remains (the wooden
supports of the trough) to be seen.
The mill
is in relatively poor condition.
The
wooden elements of the upper part of the mill are in relatively good condition,
with minor damage only. The entrance platform is badly damaged, making it unsafe
to enter the mill.
The
damage to the wooden elements of the lower part of the mill, the posts, takes
the form of missing parts of the posts and signs of rot in the timbers. The
middle sections of the posts, which are constantly exposed to moisture, are
covered with moss. The mill wheel is missing.
The part
of the mill in contact with the ground is completely overgrown with low-growing
plants.
Mill no.
9
The
wooden trough is in a totally ruinous state with only minor remains (the wooden
supports of the trough) to be seen. The water is not flowing under the mill at
all.
The mill
is in relatively poor condition.
The
wooden elements of the upper part of the mill are in relatively good condition,
with minor damage only. One of the entrance doors of the mill is missing. The
entrance platform is entirely in ruins, making access to the mill impossible.
The
damage to the wooden elements of the lower part of the mill, the posts, takes
the form of missing parts of the posts and signs of rot in the timbers. The middle
sections of the posts, which are constantly exposed to moisture, are covered
with moss. There is also some damage to the stone bolsters. A millstone and the
mill wheel are missing.
The part
of the mill in contact with the ground is completely overgrown with low-growing
plants.
Mill no.
10
The
wooden trough is in a totally ruinous state.
The mill
is in relatively poor condition.
The
wooden elements of the upper part of the mill are in relatively good condition,
with minor damage only. The entrance platform is completely overgrown, making
it difficult to enter the mill.
The
damage to the wooden elements of the lower part of the mill, the posts, takes
the form of missing parts of the posts and signs of rot in the timbers. The
middle sections of the posts, which are constantly exposed to moisture, are
covered with moss.
The part
of the mill in contact with the ground is completely overgrown with low-growing
plants.
Mill no.
11
The
wooden trough is in a totally ruinous state.
The mill
is in relatively poor condition.
The
wooden elements of the upper part of the mill are in relatively good condition,
with minor damage only. The entrance platform is completely overgrown, making
it difficult to enter the mill.
The
damage to the wooden elements of the lower part of the mill, the posts, takes
the form of missing parts of the posts and signs of rot in the timbers. The
middle sections of the posts, which are constantly exposed to moisture, are
covered with moss.
The part
of the mill in contact with the ground is completely overgrown with low-growing
plants.
Mill no.
12
The
wooden trough is in a totally ruinous state.
The mill
is in poor condition.
The
wooden elements of the upper part of the mill are in relatively good condition,
with minor damage only. The entrance platform is entirely in ruins, making
access to the mill impossible.
The
damage to the wooden elements of the lower part of the mill, the posts, takes
the form of missing parts of the posts and signs of rot in the timbers. One of
the bearing posts is leaning off true. The middle sections of the posts, which
are constantly exposed to moisture, are covered with moss.
The part
of the mill in contact with the ground is completely overgrown with low-growing
plants.
Mill no.
13
The
wooden trough is in a totally ruinous state.
The mill
is in quite poor condition.
The
wooden elements of the upper part of the mill are in poor condition, with
significant damage to the walls and the door missing. The floor inside the mill
and the entrance platform are in a totally ruinous state, making it impossible
to enter the mill.
The
damage to the wooden elements of the lower part of the mill, the posts, takes
the form of missing parts of the posts and signs of rot in the timbers. The
middle sections of the posts, which are constantly exposed to moisture, are
covered with moss. A millstone and the mill wheel are missing.
The part
of the mill in contact with the ground is completely overgrown with low-growing
plants.
Mill no.
14
The
wooden trough is partly in ruins. The main inflow does not pass through the
trough, but bypasses the mill.
The mill
is in relatively good condition.
The
wooden elements of the upper part of the mill are in relatively good condition,
with minor damage only. The entrance platform has survived, but access to the
mill is impossible.
The
damage to the wooden elements of the lower part of the mill, the posts, takes
the form of missing parts of the posts and signs of rot in the timbers. The
middle sections of the posts, which are constantly exposed to moisture, are
covered with moss. The mill wheel is missing.
The part
of the mill in contact with the ground is completely overgrown with low-growing
plants.
Mill no.
15
The
wooden trough is partly in ruins and is overgrown with vegetation, making it unusable.
The mill
is in relatively poor condition.
The
wooden elements of the upper part of the mill are in poor condition, with
damage to the door and part of the floor missing. The entrance platform is
damaged and the access path to the mill has been completely destroyed, making
access to the mill impossible.
The
damage to the wooden elements of the lower part of the mill, the posts, takes
the form of missing parts of the posts and signs of rot in the timbers. The
middle sections of the posts, which are constantly exposed to moisture, are
covered with moss. The mill wheel is missing.
The part
of the mill in contact with the ground is completely overgrown with low-growing
plants.
Mill no.
16
The
wooden trough is partly in ruins and is overgrown with vegetation, making it
unusable. The main inflow does not pass through the trough, but bypasses the
mill.
The mill
is in relatively good condition.
The
wooden elements of the upper part of the mill are in good condition, with minor
damage only. The entrance platform is entirely in ruins, making access to the
mill impossible.
The
damage to the wooden elements of the lower part of the mill, the posts, takes
the form of missing parts of the posts and signs of rot in the timbers. The
middle sections of the posts, which are constantly exposed to moisture, are
covered with moss.
The part
of the mill in contact with the ground is completely overgrown with low-growing
plants, and a tree is growing under the mill.
Mill no.
17
The
wooden trough is partly in ruins and is overgrown with vegetation, making it
only partly usable.
The mill
is in poor condition.
The
wooden elements of the upper part of the mill are in good condition, with minor
damage only, but the door is missing and the floor is badly damaged. The
entrance platform is entirely in ruins, making access to the mill impossible.
The
damage to the wooden elements of the lower part of the mill, the posts, takes
the form of missing parts of the posts and signs of rot in the timbers. The
middle sections of the posts, which are constantly exposed to moisture, are
covered with moss.
The part
of the mill in contact with the ground is completely overgrown with low-growing
plants. Low-growing plants are growing around one of the posts.
Mill no.
18
The
wooden trough is partly in ruins and is completely overgrown with vegetation.
The damage to the trough has caused the water to enter the mill and flood it.
The mill
is in poor condition.
The
wooden elements of the upper part of the mill are covered with moss. The floor
and the entrance platform are in a totally ruinous state.
The
damage to the wooden elements of the lower part of the mill, the posts, takes
the form of missing parts of the posts and signs of rot in the timbers. The
middle sections of the posts, which are constantly exposed to moisture, are
covered with moss.
The part
of the mill in contact with the ground is completely overgrown with low-growing
plants. Low-growing plants are also growing by the entrance and side walls of
the mill.
Mill no.
19
The
wooden trough is partly in ruins and is overgrown with vegetation, making it
unusable. The main inflow does not pass through the trough, but bypasses the
mill.
The mill
is in relatively good condition.
The
wooden elements of the upper part of the mill are in good condition, with minor
damage only. The entrance platform is entirely in ruins, making access to the
mill impossible.
The
damage to the wooden elements of the lower part of the mill, the posts, takes
the form of missing parts of the posts and signs of rot in the timbers. The
middle sections of the posts, which are constantly exposed to moisture, are
covered with moss.
The part
of the mill in contact with the ground is completely overgrown with low-growing
plants.
Mill no.
20
The
wooden trough is damaged and overgrown with vegetation, and is consequently
unusable. The main flow does not pass through the trough, but bypasses the
mill.
The mill
is in relatively good condition.
The
wooden elements of the upper part of the mill are in good condition, with minor
damage only. The entrance platform is entirely in ruins, making access to the
mill impossible.
The
damage to the wooden elements of the lower part of the mill, the posts, takes
the form of missing parts of the posts and signs of rot in the timbers. The
middle sections of the posts, which are constantly exposed to moisture, are
covered with moss.
The part
of the mill in contact with the ground is completely overgrown with low-growing
plants.
6. Specific risks
-
Deterioration of the group
of mills as a result of the lack of routine maintenance
III – CONCLUSION
Applying
the Criteria for the adoption of a decision on proclaiming an item of property
a national monument (Official Gazette of BiH nos. 33/02 and 15/03), the
Commission has enacted the Decision cited above.
The
Decision was based on the following criteria:
D. Clarity
(documentary, scientific and educational value)
D.iv. evidence of a particular type, style or
regional manner
E. Symbolic value
E.iii. traditional value
E.v. significance for the identity of a group of
people
F. Townscape/ Landscape value
F.i. relation to other elements of the site
F.ii. meaning in the townscape
F.iii. the building or group of buildings is part
of a group or site
G. Authenticity
G.v. location and setting
I. Completeness
I.i. physical coherence
I.ii. homogeneity
I.iii. completeness
The
following documents form an integral part of this Decision:
-
Copy of cadastral plans
-
Copy of land register
entry
-
Title deeds nos. 2449,
607, 684, 278, 624, 678, 686, 813, 846, 687, 1778, 1088, 2281, 2282, 441, 24,
140, 186, 187, 266, 1089
-
Photodocumentation
(photographs of the site taken in November 2008)
-
Survey of the condition of
the complex by the Institute for the Protection of cultural Monuments and
Natural Rarities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Architects' Studio, architect Hazim
Handžić, funded by the Jajce I hydro power plant, December 1981
-
Design for the group of
mills on the Pliva near Jajce, Institute for the Protection of cultural
Monuments and Natural Rarities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, chief designer
Aleksandar Ninković, designer Hazim Handžić, funded by the Jajce I hydro power
plant, September 1982.
Bibliography
During
the procedure to designate the natural and built ensemble of the group of mills
on the Pliva near Jajce as a national
monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina
the following works were consulted:
1981. Survey of the condition of the complex by the Institute for
the Protection of cultural Monuments and Natural Rarities of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Architects' Studio, architect Hazim Handžić
1982. Design for the group of mills on the Pliva near Jajce,
Institute for the Protection of cultural Monuments and Natural Rarities of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
chief designer Aleksandar Ninković, designer Hazim Handžić
2007. Text of the nomination file for the natural and architectural
ensemble of Jajce, Bosnia and Herzegovina, for
inscription on the World Heritage List, various authors.
(1) From the
nomination of the cultural property of the historic town of Jajce for
inscription on the World Heritage List: Sarajevo: Commission to Preserve
National Monuments, 2007, 10-12, Description of the Property, Zones of Natural
Heritage and Industrial Premises, by Mirzah Fočo.
Translator’s note: Given that the nomination file is an official
document in the public domain, this and all other excerpts from the nomination
file, several of which are the work of another translator, are repeated here
verbatim, errors included. For ease of reference these excerpts are given in
italics. Note that the word sedra, frequently translated in these
excerpts as “travertine,” means what I call “tufa” – in English usage,
“travertine” is “A kind of calc tufa deposited by certain hot springs in
volcanic regions,” and “tufa” (calc-tufa) is “A general name for deposits of
CaCO3 formed by deposition from solutions of calcium bicarbonate, Ca(HCO3)2. .
. Calc tufa is found mainly in limestone
regions, filling cracks, joints, fissures, and cavities in the rocks, and
around springs and resurgences of water which have traversed limestone strata.
The calc tufa formed in these cases is often spongy or cellular in character
and may enclose fragments of rock, plants, or animal remains. . . Certain hot springs in volcanic
regions also deposit a kind of calc tufa known as travertine.” (D. G. A.
Whitten with J. R. V. Brooks, The Penguin Dictionary of Geology, London,
1972). The word “tuff” also appears in these excerpts; the Dictionary of
Geology defines this as “pyroclastic rocks,” an entirely different
phenomenon formed from the hardened volcanic ash deposited by an eruption. In
the light of these definitions, it is my opinion that the word “tufa” is the
most appropriate term, and the one I consistently use throughout all my
translations (e.g. in the section from the Nomination File quoted in Sections 4
and 5 of this Decision), where the word sedra and its derivatives are
used in the original local-language text.
(2) From the
nomination of the cultural property of the historic town of Jajce for
inscription on the World Heritage List: Sarajevo: Commission to Preserve
National Monuments, 2007, part 3, 62, Justification for Inscription: Criterion
C(iv), Succession of Human Efforts, by Ljiljana Ševo
(3) From the
nomination of the cultural property of the historic town of Jajce for
inscription on the World Heritage List: Sarajevo: Commission to Preserve
National Monuments, 2007, 10-12, Description of the Property, Zones of Natural
Heritage and Industrial Premises, by Mirzah Fočo.
(4) The design
for the group of mills on the Pliva near Jajce (the conservation of the mills)
was drawn up in September 1982 by the Institute for the Protection of Cultural
Monuments and Natural Rarities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Architectural Studio,
chief designer Aleksandar Ninković, designer Hazim Handžić, and funded by the
Jajce I hydro power plant
(5) In the design a
cell is the term used for the organizational unit of a mill (one mill wheel).
(6) Institute
for the Protection of Cultural Monuments and Natural Rarities of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Architectural Studio, Technical Description, Group of Mills on the Pliva near
Jajce, Jajce, 1982
(7) The
numbering of the mills is that of the design for the group of mills on the
Pliva near Jajce.
(8) The mill
itself rests on four (4) posts; the other two support the structure of the
entrance platform.
(9) The mill
itself rests on four (4) posts; the other two support the structure of the
entrance platform.
(10) The mill
itself rests on four (4) posts; the other two support the structure of the
entrance platform.
(11) The mill
itself rests on four (4) posts; one post and bolster support the structure of
the entrance platform.
(12) From the
nomination of the cultural property of the historic town of Jajce for
inscription on the World Heritage List: Sarajevo: Commission to Preserve
National Monuments, 2007, 110-112, State of Conservation and Factors Impacting
on the Monument, Repair works on the Channel and Falls of the river Pliva, by
Mirela Mulalić Handan
(13) The survey
of the condition of the group of mills on the Pliva near Jajce was carried out
in December 1981 by the Institute for the Protection of cultural Monuments and
Natural Rarities of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Architects' Studio, architect Hazim Handžić, and funded by the Jajce I hydro
power plant.
(14) From the
nomination of the cultural property of the historic town of Jajce for
inscription on the World Heritage List: Sarajevo: Commission to Preserve
National Monuments, 2007, 107-109, State of Conservation and Factors Impacting
on the Monument, Repair works on the Channel and Falls of the river Pliva, by
Mirela Mulalić Handan
(15) The upper part
of the mill means the part resting on the posts, and the lower part means the
posts and water wheel.
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