Status of monument -> National monument
Pursuant to Article V para. 4 Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Article 39 para. 1 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, at a session held from 27 June to 2 July 2005 the Commission adopted a
D E C I S I O N
I
The historic building of the Eminagić konak in Tešanj is hereby designated as a National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: the National Monument).
The National Monument is located on a site designated as cadastral plot no. 787 (new survey), cadastral municipality Tešanj I, corresponding to c.p. no. 28/40, 28/41 and 28/97 (old survey), Land Register entry no. 4120, municipality Tešanj, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The provisions relating to protection measures set forth by the Law on the Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, established pursuant to Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of the Federation of BiH nos. 2/02, 27/02 and 6/04) shall apply to the National Monument.
II
The Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: the Government of the Federation) shall be responsible for ensuring and providing the legal, scientific, technical, administrative and financial measures necessary to protect, conserve, and display the National Monument.
The Government of the Federation shall be responsible for providing the resources needed to draw up and implement the necessary technical documentation for the protection and conservation of the National Monument.
The Commission to Preserve National Monuments (hereinafter: the Commission) shall determine the technical requirements and secure the funds for preparing and setting up signboards with the basic data on the monument and the Decision to proclaim the property a National Monument.
III
To ensure the on-going protection of the National Monument, the following protection measures are hereby stipulated, which shall apply to the area defined in Clause 1 para. 2 of this Decision.
- all works are prohibited other than research and conservation and restoration works, including those designed to display the monument, with the approval of the Federal Ministry responsible for regional planning and under the expert supervision of the heritage protection authority of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: the heritage protection authority),
- during restoration and conservation of the building, its original appearance must be retained;
- missing parts shall be reconstructed in the same form, of the same size, using the same or the same type of materials and the same building techniques wherever possible, on the basis of existing documentation on the building’s original appearance;
- the courtyard shall be landscaped;
- the building may be used for residential, educational and cultural purposes in a manner that will not be detrimental to the integrity of the building and its meaning in the structure of the town.
For the purposes of protection and to ensure the conditions necessary for the conservation and restoration of the building, the following urgent protection measures are hereby stipulated:
- the interior of the building shall be cleared of self-sown vegetation, rubbish and rubble;
- the surviving doors and windows shall be dismantled and stored under cover until such time as they are reinstalled;
- the beech timber šiše ceiling boards shall be dismantled and stored under cover until such time as they are reinstalled;
- the structural components of the building shall be surveyed and subjected to structural analysis;
- the building shall be structurally consolidated and repairs carried out to its structural components, using traditional materials and the same building techniques wherever possible;
- the building shall be protected from adverse external influences.
On the plots adjacent to the plot where the National Monument stands, the only building permitted is of buildings with a maximum height of two storeys (ground + 1), of 6.5 m to the base of the roof structure, and maximum dimensions of 10 x 10, with steep-pitched hipped roofs clad with traditional materials.
IV
All executive and area development planning acts not in accordance with the provisions of this Decision are hereby revoked.
V
Everyone, and in particular the competent authorities of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Canton, and urban and municipal authorities, shall refrain from any action that might damage the National Monument or jeopardize the preservation thereof.
VI
The Government of the Federation, the Federal Ministry responsible for regional planning, the Federation heritage protection authority, and the Municipal Authorities in charge of urban planning and land registry affairs, shall be notified of this Decision in order to carry out the measures stipulated in Articles II to V of this Decision, and the Authorized Municipal Court shall be notified for the purposes of registration in the Land Register.
VII
The elucidation and accompanying documentation form an integral part of this Decision, which may be viewed by interested parties on the premises or by accessing the website of the Commission (http://www.aneks8komisija.com.ba)
VIII
Pursuant to Art. V para 4 Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, decisions of the Commission are final.
IX
On the date of adoption of this Decision, the National Monument shall be deleted from the Provisional List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of BiH no. 33/02, Official Gazette of Republika Srpska no. 79/02, Official Gazette of the Federation of BiH no. 59/02, and Official Gazette of Brčko District BiH no. 4/03), where it featured under serial no 618.
X
This Decision shall enter into force on the date of its adoption and shall be published in the Official Gazette of BiH.
This Decision has been adopted by the following members of the Commission: Zeynep Ahunbay, Amra Hadžimuhamedović, Dubravko Lovrenović, Ljiljana Ševo and Tina Wik.
No. 07.2-2-963/03-7
27 June 2005
Istanbul
Chair of the Commission
Ljiljana Ševo
E l u c i d a t i o n
I – INTRODUCTION
Pursuant to Article 2, paragraph 1 of the Law on the Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, established pursuant to Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a “National Monument” is an item of public property proclaimed by the Commission to Preserve National Monuments to be a National Monument pursuant to Articles V and VI of Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and property entered on the Provisional List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of BiH no. 33/02) until the Commission reaches a final decision on its status, as to which there is no time limit and regardless of whether a petition for the property in question has been submitted or not.
The Commission to Preserve National Monuments issued a decision to add the historic building of the Eminagić konak in Tešanj, municipality Tešanj to the Provisional List of National Monuments of BiH, under serial no. 618.
Pursuant to the provisions of the law, the Commission proceeded to carry out the procedure for reaching a final decision to designate the Property as a National Monument, pursuant to Article V of Annex 8 and Article 35 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments.
II – PROCEDURE PRIOR TO DECISION
In the procedure preceding the adoption of a final decision to proclaim the property a national monument, the following documentation was inspected:
- Documentation on the location and current owner and user of the property (copy of cadastral plan and copy of land registry entry)
- Data on the current condition and use of the property, including a description and photographs, data of war damage, data on restoration or other works on the property, etc.
- Historical, architectural and other documentary material on the property, as set out in the bibliography forming part of this Decision.
The findings based on the review of the above documentation and the condition of the site are as follows:
1. Details of the property
Location
Tešanj municipality is on the borders of central and north-eastern Bosnia, and is contiguous with the municipalities of Teslić, Doboj, Doboj Jug, Usora and Maglaj. After the war, under the terms of the Dayton Accord, the area of the municipality was reduced from 223 sq.km to 209 sq.km, and later, with the formation of Usora municipality, it was further reduced to 160 sq.km.
The town of Tešanj arose by the river Tešanjka, a right-hand tributary of the river Usora. It stands at an altitude of 230 m above sea level.
The Eminagić konak building is in the centre of the town, very close to the Tešanj čaršija, on a site designated as c.p.no. 787 (new survey) c.m. Tešanj I, corresponding to c.p. nos. 28/40, 28/41 and 28/97 (old survey) Land Registry entry no. 4120, municipality Tešanj, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Historical information
It is not known who founded the town of Tešanj, but from finds of prehistoric pottery in the area of the fortress, and possible remains of Roman brick, it may be assumed that the area was first inhabited by the Illyrians, then by the Romans, and later by Slav immigrants.
Very little is known of the mediaeval town, probably because Tešanj was not on any strategic route. The earliest reference to it in written sources dates from 1461, in a charter by which Stjepan Tomašević bestowed Tešanj, as crown property, on his uncle Radivoj.
From Ištvanfi’s references to the history of Hungary it is clear that after the Ottoman attack on Srebrenik and then on Tešanj in 1520, the Hungarian army fired and destroyed the fort as they retreated.
From 1526 on, the čifluk sahibija (feudal landlord) Ferhad-beg was present in the town, spending long periods there after the battle of Mohács, and being appointed as supervisor of Gazi Husref-beg’s vakuf founded on the left bank of the river Usora. He founded his own vakuf on the right bank of the river, endowing the Ferhadija mosque, medresa, caravansarai, and 32 shops. Thanks to these vakufs and their vakifs (legators), Tešanj began to advance economically, culturally and in terms of communications (Alić, Brkić, pp. 19,20).
It may be inferred from written sources – reports by an eighteenth-century Austrian spy and a Turkish report dating from 1833 – that Tešanj was maintained as a well-fortified site until the nineteenth century. The fort was abandoned in 1840(1).
The Eminagić konak is one of the oldest and finest examples of residential architecture in Tešanj. It is not known exactly when it was built, but the style of the masonry, the type and quality of the binders and other building materials, and the treatment of certain structural elements suggest that it could date from the first half of the 19th century.
The first geodetic survey of Tešanj, dating from 1882, shows the building with the same dimensions as today.
Konak is a Turkish word meaning a house as a place of residence, although in some cases it can also be used to denote the residences of high-ranking state officials. The Eminagić konak was officially abandoned prior to 1980, and ever since then has been occupied only by temporary tenants.
2. Description of the property
In the typology of M. Kadić, the Eminagić konak belongs to the type known as more recent two-storey dimalučara(2), although it has some of the features of the type of two-storey house with projecting upper storey(3).
More recent two-storey dimalučara houses do not have the conceptual purity of the classic dimalučara, but retain only the dimaluk as a functional element. In many urban houses, the mutvak (kitchen) area extends from the ground floor through the first floor to the attic area in order to allow for the escape of smoke.
The two-storey dimalučara is the most advanced type of two-storey house in Bosnia and Herzegovina, manifesting the most marked inventiveness of the builder in resolving a range of problems: layout, construction, the possibility of later division, stage building, ways of allowing smoke to escape from the hearth area and from the rooms and, finally, the treatment of form (Kadić, p. 66).
This type of building features in enclaves or as individual surviving examples. After World War II, their numbers were much reduced, although from the modern point of view dimalučara houses are environmentally friendly, both in layout and in the choice of materials from which they are built.
In ground plan concept, the Eminagić konak is a building with a complex ground plan and the very pure forms typical of urban residential architecture, not only in Tešanj but also in other small towns such as Travnik or Jajce. Like other houses of this type, here too the first floor and part of the ground floor are constructed of lightweight materials, and the basement and the part of the ground floor in direct contact with the ground are of solid, durable building materials – Trebava quarry stone with lime mortar as binder.
The entire first floor of the Eminagić konak, apart from the north side, projects outwards by about 50 cm. To the south and west, at the geometric centre of the building, are two trapezoid doksats (oriels) which, with the whitewashed walls, many rectangular windows (50), and very steep hipped roof, enrich the façades.
An annex was added on the east façade, with a ćenifa(4) on the ground floor and an abdestluk(5) on the first floor.
Basement
At first the basement areas of houses of this type were used only to house small livestock. With time, they came to be used for other purposes, and in the advanced plains areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina they were used as storage magazines, outbuildings or larders. Storerooms were not used for residential purposes, nor did they have fireplaces(6).
The basement of the Eminagić konak measures 9.15 x 3.00 metres. The walls are of Trebava quarry stone and are about 70 cm thick. Oak tie beams, 14 x 14 in section, are set in three horizontal bands about 80 cm high. Lime mortar was used as binder when building the walls. The 1 metre wide entrance door is to the west.
The basement storey is about 2.35 m in height. There is a 25 x 25 cm load-bearing beam or ceiling joist running east-west roughly at the midpoint of the transverse span. At the centre of the span this beam rests on a wooden 25 x 25 cm pillar.
Light enters the basement through three trapezoid-shaped windows with an inside width of 45 cm in the south wall of the building. There are two niches about 50 cm wide in the north wall.
Ground floor
The ground floor of the building measures 12.75 m (west) x 10.70 m (north) x 12.80 m (east) x 10.75 m (south), and consist of seven rooms in all:
- hajat(7)
- mutvak(8)
- ground floor magazine
- north-west room
- south-west room
- small south room, and
- south-east room
The ground floor is built of a combination of monolithic and skeleton systems. The northern part of the ground floor, which rests on the ground, is of quarry stone with walls ranging in thickness from 50 cm (to the north) to 67 cm (to the east and west of the building). This part of the ground floor measures about 4.00 x 10.70 m, and consists of two rooms – the magazine, and the small room.
The magazine faces east and measures approx. 5.60 x 3.00 metres. To the east are two windows measuring 50 x 50 cm, with stone frames. A 25 x 25 cm load-bearing beam or floor joist is set at the centre of the span, which is set into the east wall and rests on the wooden west wall of the room dividing the magazine from the small room, and on a wooden pillar set 2.60 m from the west wall. The magazine has an earth floor. The total area of this room is approx. 18 m2.
The small room medasures 3.35 x 3.47 metres. To the west of the room are two trapezoid-shaped windows, about 80 cm wide on the inside and 54 cm wide on the outside. The windows are fitted with iron bars on the outside.
The room has a wooden floor consisting of boards laid on a substructure consisting of 10 x 10 joists set about 50 cm apart. The total area of this room is approx. 11.50 m2.
The rest of the ground floor is of half-timbered construction.
The entrance to the building is to the west, through a wooden door with a round-arched lintel, 1.02 m in width, leads into the hajat, measuring 3.80 x 3.80 m, where shoes were left, and where a single-flight wooden staircase leads to the divanhana.
The hajat leads into the ground floor rooms – the north-west and south-west rooms and the mutvak in the centre of the building.
The mutvak contains a hearth, and is almost entirely open to the attic area, other than the part by the east wall. The mutvak measures 6.50 x 3.15 metres, and leads from the side into the magazine through a round-arched door, into the annex with privy to the east, and into the south and south-east rooms.
The south-east room measures approx. 4.40 x 3.85 metres. To the south are three windows, 75 cm in width. The room has a wooden floor consisting of boards laid on a substructure consisting of 10 x 10 cm joists set 44-47 cm apart.
The south-west room measures 4.27 x 3.30 metres. To the south are three windows, 75 cm in width, and to the west are another two of the same size and shape. The room has a wooden board floor.
The south room measures 4.4 x 2.50 metres, and lies between the south-east and south-west rooms. It can be entered from both the mutvak and the south-west room. To the south are two windows, 74 cm in width. Like the other rooms, this one too has a wooden board floor.
First floor
The first floor of the building measures approx. 13.25 m (west) x 11.25 m (north) x 13.50 m (east) x 11.25 m (south), and has a total of eight rooms.
A wooden staircase leads from the ground floor to the divanhana(9).The divanhana is above the entrance to the building, and projects outwards over the ground floor walls by about 80 cm. It faces the garden, with six rectangular windows fitted with mušebak (lattice) which, judging from photographs taken in the 1970s, were thickly overgrown with grapevines. Inside, there is a wooden partition about 2.50 m from the west wall, with pillars joined by arches. The woodwork of the pillars and arches of the divanhana and the stair-rail are richly decorated with slats attached so as to form a rhombus design. The divanhana has a wooden board floor.
The divanhana leads into the rooms. A corridor runs the entire length of the building to the south, leading to the rooms in the south wing of the house and to the abdestluk, which was above the privy in the eastern part of the building.
The south-east room measures 3.70 x 4.20 metres. To the east are two windows, 75 cm in width, and to the south another two of the same size and shape. The room has a wooden floor consisting of boards laid on a substructure of 10 x 10 cm joists set 44-47 cm apart.
The south-west room measures 3.80 x 4.30 metres. To the south are three windows, 74 cm in width, and to the west another two of the same size and shape. In this room the šiše ceiling boards with a rosette at the centre have survived. The room has a wooden board floor.
The south room – south divanhana includes an anteroom measuring 1.28 x 2.50 m which also served as the dimaluk of the south-west and south-east rooms. The divanhana itself measures 2.95 x 2.50 metres and faces south, overlooking the old fort, through four rectangular windows measuring 70 x97 cm. This room is 2.28 m in height from floor to ceiling, and has a wooden board floor.
The north wing of the building consists of the north-west, north and north-east rooms.
The north-east room is above the ground floor magazine and measures 4.40 x 3.80 m. To the east are two windows, 74 cm in width, and to the north a single window of the same size. The room has a wooden board floor.
The north-west room is measures 4.30 x 4.50 m. To the west are three windows, 75 cm in width. The room has a wooden board floor.
The north room measures 4.30 x 3.38 m. There is a single window in the north wall, 47 cm in width, and a door leading down into the garden. This room also served as the dimaluk of the north-east and north-west rooms.
Roof
The Eminagić konak has a wooden hipped roof with a pitch of 45 degrees. The various components of the roof structure – the rafters – exceed 7 m in length, and the uprights are about 5 m in length. There are badža(10) (dormers) on the outside of the roof, the purpose of which was to allow smoke to escape from the kitchen and attic; the appearance and position of these gives the roof a characteristic appearance (Kadić, p. 106.). The roof is clad with plain tiles. The Eminagić konak is half-timbered, a structure consisting of a wooden frame composed of a row of wooden uprights, horizontal beams and struts, and an infill, which in this case is wattle and daub. This structure has many advantages over a timber (log) structure; above all, it is cheaper, since it requires less timber, and is thus more suitable for poorly forested regions. The weight of the building is reduced, it is easier to join the various structural elements, and the wall is self-supporting, with the half-timbering constituting a load-bearing grid.
The ceilings consist of timber joists to which beech slats are attached – known as šašavci – šiše. All the rooms in the house apart from the magazines, mutvak and dimaluks have ceilings of this type.
The slats vary in thickness from 2.5 to 4 cm, and in width from 10 to 15 cm. Their length depends on the space between the joists, but is usually up to 100 cm. They are fitted into grooves in the joists, and packed tightly together. Unlike modern ceilings, where the slats laid on the joists serve merely to retain the fill and the floor, šašavci play an active part in taking part of the stress of the joists. This is in line with the general efforts of dunđers (carpenter-masons) to ensure that every part of the structure take part of the stress forces, with no structural component being merely a passive feature. Here too, the šašavci take part of the stress pressure.
The fixtures and furnishings of the house evolved under various influences, which determined the layout, spatial concept and use of form in the house. The influence of the patriarchal family structure and primitive natural production led to the development of simple, hand-made furniture, made by the occupant himself in his free time or by craftsmen with only modest knowledge and hand tools, using local materials.
Unfortunately, very few of the wooden fixtures have survived in the Eminagić konak: a few doors, richly decorated with wooden slats, and part of the decoration of the divanhana and staircase. Much of the woodwork was burnt during the war.
3. Legal status to date
According to a letter ref. 24-9/05 dated 4 May 2005 from the Institute for the Protection of Monuments of the Federation Ministry of Culture and Sport, the historic building of the Eminagić konak in Tešanj was not in the register of protected monuments.
The historic building of the Eminagić konak in Tešanj is on the Provisional List of National Monuments of BiH under serial no. 618.
The Regional Plan for BiH to 2000 lists the urban ensemble of Tešanj (old fort with outskirts, čaršija, clock tower, mosque and burial ground) as a Category 1 monument of national importance.
4. Research and conservation and restoration works
The occupants of the building carried out routine maintenance works until the 1980s. No conservation or restoration works have been carried out on the building.
In 1971 the Institute for the Protection of Monuments of BiH conducted a technical survey of the building.
5. Current condition of the property
The Eminagić house is in very poor structureal condition.
Failure to take steps to prevent the penetration of rain and snow into the structure, along with the effects of other adverse weather conditions, have led to serious structural damage that could lead to the collapse of the building.
Basement:
Thanks to the material it is built from, the basement is in better condition than the rest of the building. There may be some damp in the interior walls.
Ground floor:
West façade:
- the plaster has fallen away from almost the entire façade, exposing the wattle to the elements;
- the woodwork of the windows and doors is damaged;
- all the glass is broken;
- some of the structural elements – pillars and beams – are damaged and at risk from the adverse effects of the elements, which is causing them to rot more rapidly;
- the wattle and daub infill has fallen away completely on the south-west corner of the building, below the end window;
- extensive damp was observed on the stone-built section of the wall by the north-west corner of the building.
North façade:
- extensive damp was noted along the entire length of the building;
- the woodwork is at risk from damp penetration.
East façade:
- the entire wall has collapsed other than a section about 2 metres long by the north-east corner of the building;
- the entire infill of the half-timbered section of the wall has fallen away;
- the windows of the magazine by the north-east corner of the building are badly damaged.
South façade:
- the plaster has fallen away from almost the entire façade, leaving much of the wattle exposed to the elements;
- the woodwork of the windows and doors is damaged;
- all the glass is broken;
- some of the structural elements – the pillars and beams – are damaged.
First floor:
West façade:
- the plaster has fallen away exposing the wattle over a third of the wall area;
- the infill has fallen away completely over about two-thirds of the façade;
- the pillars, beams, struts and joists in the central part of the building are damaged;
- the woodwork of the doors and windows is damaged;
- all the glass is broken.
North façade:
- this is in better condition than the rest, though here too some of the plaster has fallen away.
East façade:
- the entire wall has collapsed;
- the entire infill of the half-timbered section of the wall has fallen away.
South façade:
- the plaster has fallen away over almost the entire façade, leaving much of the wattle exposed to the elements;
- the woodwork of the windows and doors is damaged;
- all the glass is broken;
- some of the structural elements – pillars and beams – are damaged.
Roof structure:
- there is serious damage to the roof structure caused by the penetration of rain and snow;
- the damage to the roof cladding is worst on the eastern part of the roof, where about one third of the roof cladding has fallen away;
- the roof ridge is damaged;
- the dormers are damaged.
In the interior, almost all the partition walls are damaged. The weakening of the structure, with some of the beams and struts fallen away, has caused the building to shift horizontally.
6. Specific risks
- the penetration of rain and snow through the damaged roof and consequent penetration of damp into the structure of the walls;
- damp penetration into the timber components of the structure and the woodwork;
- rising damp in the lower parts of the walls;
- large quantities of rubbish inside the building;
- self-sown vegetation inside and around the building.
III – CONCLUSION
Applying the Criteria for the adoption of a decision on proclaiming an item of property a national monument (Official Gazette of BiH nos. 33/02 and 15/03), the Commission has enacted the Decision cited above.
The Decision was based on the following criteria:
A. Time frame
B. Historical value
C. Artistic and aesthetic value
C. i. quality of workmanship
C.iv. composition
C.vi. value of construction
D. Clarity
D.ii. evidence of historical change
F. Townscape/ Landscape value
F.ii. meaning in the townscape
F.iii. the building or group of buildings is part of a group or site
G. Authenticity
G.i. form and design
G.ii. material and content
G.v. location and setting
H. Rarity and representativity
H.i. unique or rare example of a certain type or style
I. Completeness
I.i. physical coherence
I.ii. homogeneity
I.iii. completeness
I.iv. Undamaged condition
The following documents form an integral part of this Decision:
o Copy of cadastral plan and details of ownership
o Photodocumentation of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments of BiH
o Survey of the existing condition of the property conducted by the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of BiH in 1971, R. Korkut, graduate architect:
1. ground plan of upper floor
2. plan of roof structure
3. longitudinal cross-section
4. lateral cross-section
5. entrance façade with plain tiles
6. entrance façade with shingles
o urgent protection measures project drawn up in 2003 by the Institute for the Protection of Monuments of the Federation Ministry of Culture and Sport – Ferhad Mulabegović, graduate architect, Dženana Šaran, graduate architect, and Azer Aličić, graduate architect, with the following annexes:
1. technical description
2. bill of quantities
3. ground plan of ground floor,
4. ground plan of upper floor
5. lateral cross-section
6. longitudinal cross-section
7. photographs of the interior.
Bibliography:
During the procedure to designate the monument as a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina the following works were consulted:
1889. Meringer, Rudolf, Pučka kuća u BiH (Commoners' houses in BiH) Jnl of the National Museum 1889.
1927 Karanović, Milan, O tipovima kuća u Bosni (On the types of houses in Bosnia) Jnl of the National Museum, Vol. for history and ethnography, Sarajevo 1927.
1953 Mazalić, Đoko,: Tešanj. Jnl of the National Museum, n.s. VIII.National Museum Sarajevo, 1953, 289-302.
1953. Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Stari bosanski gradovi (Old Bosnian towns) Naše starine I, Sarajevo, 1953., 1-45.
1957. Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Sahat-kule u Bosni i Hercegovini, prilog za studij konzervacije (Clock towers in BiH, contribution to the study of conservation) Naše starine IV, Institute for the Protection of Monuments, Sarajevo, 1957, 17-32.
1967. Kadić, Muhamed, Starinska seoska kuća u BiH (Old village houses in BiH), Cultural Heritage series, Veselin Masleša, Sarajevo 1967.
1985. Odavić, Đorđe, Tešanj, Srednjovjekovni grad (Tešanj, mediaeval town) Archaeological Survey 1985. Federation of Archaeological Societies of Yugoslavia, Ljubljana 1985, 256.
1989. Škaljić, Abdulah, Turcizmi u srpskohrvatskom jeziku (Turkish loanwords in Serbo-Croatian), Svjetlost 1989.
1991. Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Izabrana djela II (Selected Works II), IP Veselin Masleša, Sarajevo, 1991.
1999. Alić, Adil, Brkić, Ramiz, Tešanj, grad kome se rado vraćam (Tešanj, a town I gladly return to), Planjax, TZ Tešanj, 1999
2001. Bugarski, Astrida, Sjećanje na korijene, Tradicionalne stambene zgrade Hrvata BiH u drugoj polovici XIX i prvoj polovici XX stoljeća (Recalling our roots, Traditional Croat houses in BiH in the second half ot the 19th and first half of the 20th century), Sarajevo 2001.
(1) Further details on the history of the town of Tešanj are to be found in the Decision designating the architectural ensemble of the old Tešanj fort as a national monument of BiH.
(2) The most advanced type of house in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It features in enclaves or as individual surviving examples, where various degrees of development are to be observed, from the classic to the decadent. The classic type is a building of which the ground floor layout is the same as that of classic timber-built houses: the kuća (a room with a hearth), large and small doors and two rooms behind a transverse wall dividing the ground floor into two units. Unlike ground-floor timber-built houses, the kuća (the room with the hearth) has a ceiling, so that there are rooms above, on the first floor. Smoke escapes through a central channel, the dimaluk, which leads the smoke into the roof area. There are numerous derivatives of this basic type.
(3) This type is common in the area ranging from Cazin, Bosanski Petrovac, Kulen Vakuf, Bihać, Ključ, Banja Luka, Tešanj, Jajce, Livno and Travnik to Sarajeva, but varies in nature from the defensive variant in the west to the more comfortable buildings of the eastern variant. The presence of this type of building reflects higher social, economic and living standards
(4) ćenifa – privy, wc.
(5) abdestluk, abdesthana (pers.) a separate area in the house where abdest, the ritual ablutions preceding prayer, is performed. It often consists of a trough-shaped fixture with an outlet through the exterior wall.
(6) The main reason for this is the absence of a system for the escape of smoke caused by burning.
(7) Hajat – ground floor corridor
(8) mutvak –(ar.) kitchen
(9) divanhana (pers.) – spacious landing or corridor on the first floor of the house, a place where people gathered to talk.
(10)There are several types of dormer windows – blind dormers in roof panes or ridges, serving only for the escape of smoke in the case of roofs clad with wooden shingles or hollow tiles; in the case of stone-slab roofs similar fixed dormers were used, sometimes known as sečaci, constructed so that the occasional slab was raised a little and propped on a stone so as to allow the smoke to escape through the opening this created. As well as blind dormers, there were also the covers kown as komini, opened by means of a long pole. These openings were mainly designed to allow light into the attic area, and were closed when it was snowing or raining. Another type is known as the musafir dormer, installed on the roofs of wealthier homes as a sign that the house was willing to take in guests – musafirs or travellers.
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