Status of monument -> National monument
Pursuant to Article V, para. 4 of the Annex 8 to the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Article 39, para 1. of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, at a session held from 25 to 31January 2005 the Commission adopted the following
D E C I S I O N
I
The architectural ensemble of the Turbes under the lime tree (Abdullah-Pasha's Turbe, Jalaluddin-Pasha's Turbe and Perishan Mustafa-Pasha's Turbe) with a fountain, are hereby designated as National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: the National Monument).
The National Monument is located on cadastral plots nos. III/253 and III/254 (old survey) and cadastral plots nos. 1617 and 1618 (new survey), land register entry no. 981, cadastral municipality Travnik, Federation of BiH, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The provisions relating to protection measures set forth by the Law on the Implementation of Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments pursuant to Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosni a and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of the Federation of BiH, 2/02, 27/02 and 6/04) shall apply to the National Monument.
II
The Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter referred to as: the Federation Government) shall ensure and provide the legal, scientific, technical, administrative and financial measures necessary to protect, conserve and display the National Monument.
The Commission to Preserve National Monuments (hereinafter referred to as: the Commission) shall determine the technical requirements and secure the funds for preparing and setting up signboards with the basic data on the monument and the Decision to proclaim it as a national monument.
III
To ensure the on-going protection of the National Monument, the following protection zones are hereby stipulated:
Protection Zone I consists of the area defined in Clause 1 para. 2 of this Decision. In this zone the following protection measures shall apply:
- all works are prohibited other than research and conservation and restoration works with the approval of the Federation Ministry responsible for regional planning (hereinafter: the relevant ministry) and under the expert supervision of the heritage protection authority of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
- all protection works, regardless of their nature and extent, must be carried out with the prior approval the Federation Ministry responsible for regional planning,
- the dumping of waste is prohibited,
- all operations that could have an adverse effect on the National Monument (air polllution, noise, vibrations) are prohibited.
- (due to air pollution, noise, vibrations) adverse effects on the monument are prohibited.
IV
All executive and area development planning acts not in accordance with the provisions of this Decision are hereby revoked.
V
Everyone, and in particular the competent authorities of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Canton, and urban and municipal authorities, shall refrain from any action that might damage the National Monument or jeopardize the preservation thereof.
VI
The Government of the Federation, the relevant ministry, the Federation heritage protection authority, and the Municipal Authorities in charge of urban planning and land registry affairs, shall be notified of this Decision in order to carry out the measures stipulated in Articles II to V of this Decision, and the Authorized Municipal Court shall be notified for the purposes of registration in the Land Register.
VII
The elucidation and accompanying documentation form an integral part of this Decision, which may be viewed by interested parties on the premises or by accessing the website of the Commission (http://www.aneks8komisija.com.ba/)
VIII
Pursuant to Art. V para 4 Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, decisions of the Commission are final.
IX
On the date of adoption of this Decision, the National Monument shall be deleted from the Provisional List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of BiH no. 33/02, Official Gazette of Republika Srpska no. 79/02, Official Gazette of the Federation of BiH no. 59/02, and Official Gazette of Brčko District BiH no. 4/03), where it featured under serial nos. 635, 636 and 637.
X
This Decision shall enter into force on the date of its adoption and shall be published in the Official Gazette of BiH.
This Decision has been adopted by the following members of the Commission: Zeynep Ahunbay, Amra Hadžimuhamedović, Dubravko Lovrenović, Ljiljana Ševo and Tina Wik.
No: 07.2-2-300/04-3
25 January 2005
Sarajevo
Chair of the Commission
Amra Hadžimuhamedović
E l u c i d a t i o n
I – INTRODUCTION
Pursuant to the Law on the Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, established pursuant to Annex 8, Article 2, para.1of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a “National Monument” is an item of public property proclaimed by the Commission to Preserve National Monuments to be a National Monument pursuant to Articles V and VI of Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and property entered on the Provisional List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of BiH no. 33/02), until the Commission reaches a final decision on their status, as to which there is no time limit and regardless of whether a petition for the property in question has been submitted or not.
The Commission to Preserve National Monuments issued a Decision to add the turbes of Abdullah-Pasha, Jalal-Pasha and Perishan Mustafa-Pasha to the Provisional List of National Monuments, numbered as:
- 635 Abdullah-Pasha's turbe
- 636 Jalal-Pasha's Turbe
- 637 Perishan Mustafa-Pasha's turbe
Pursuant to the provisions of the law, the Commission proceeded to carry out the procedure for reaching a final decision to designate the Property as a National Monument, pursuant to Article V of Annex 8 and Article 35 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments.
II – PROCEDURE PRIOR TO DECISION
In the procedure preceding the adoption of a final decision to proclaim the property a national monument, the following documentation was inspected:
- Data on the current condition and use of the property, including a description and photographs, data of war damage if any, data on restoration or other works on the property if any, etc.
- The current condition of the site
- Copy of cadastral plan
- Historical, architectural and other documentary material on the property, as set out in the bibliography forming part of this Decision.
The findings based on the review of the above documentation and the condition of the site are as follows:
1. Details of the property
Location
The town of Travnik is situated in the narrow Lašva river valley, a mere 500 m wide. To the north, the valley is surrounded by the steep slopes of Mt. Vlašići, and to the south by the slopes of Mts. and Vilenica. Two turbes were erected in the centre of Travnik’s Gornja (Upper) čaršija (commercial and crafts quarter) – the first one belonging to Abdullah-Pasha Muhsinović and Hafiz Ali Jalaluddin-Pasha, and the other to Perishan Mustafa-Pasha. Those turbes are known as the Turbes under the lime tree. Between these two monuments there is an old fountain constructed by Perishan Mustafa-Pasha as an endowment.
The National Monument is located on cadastral plots nos. III/253 and III/254 (old survey) and cadastral plots nos. 1617 and 1618 (new survey), land register entry no. 981, cadastral municipality Travnik, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Historical information
Powerful human communities have taken shape in various circumstances during all known civilizational epochs in the Travnik region. The earliest reference to Travnik dates from 1464. The Ottoman chronicler Dursun-bey relates that Ottoman troops led by Sultan Mehmed II al-Fatih stayed in Travnik before proceeding to conquer Jajce (Kreševljaković, Korkut, 1961, 9). After the fall of Bobovac in 1463, the Ottomans conquered Travnik in their campaign to take Jajce. However, in the 1468/69 census of the Bosnian Sandžak, Susid, Prozor and Vranduk are referred to as the northernmost as fortified towns the “Kralj Vilayet”. The southernmost fort was Vinac. Travnik was thus situated in the territory between the left bank of the Vrbas in Uskoplje and Vranduk. It probably belonged to the vassal Bosnian king enthroned by Ottomans (Ćirković, 1964, p.336).
During the time of Bosnian Sandžak-bey Ajaz-bey (1470-1475), Travnik became the seat of the princedom that Sultan Mehmed II entrusted to Stjepan Brajković. Hungarian troops defeated the Bosnian Sandžak-bey Daut-bey near Travnik in 1480, which is probably what prompted Sultan Beyazit to abolish the princedom and impose normal rule over Travnik. During his reign, a standing garrison was deployed in the fort only after the incursion by Vuk Grgurević in 1480, and a mosque was built in the fortress and named after Beyazit I (Čelebija, 1979. p. 127-128, notes 9-12, comments by H.Šabanović). In 1489, Travnik was in the has (Ar. khas: imperial lands) of the Bosnian Sandžak-bey and registered as a marketplace in Lašva. At that time it bordered with enemy territories, so that taxes were reduced so that the benefits of settlement in the area would be seen (Kreševljaković, Korkut, 1961, p.9-10).
Under the terms of the 1503 peace treaty between Sultan Beyazit and Hungary’s King Ladislav, Travnik remained under Ottoman rule (Šabanovic, 1982, p.55). In defteri (official records) dating from 1516, the district (nahija) of Lašva is recorded as belonging to the Brod kadiluk (area under the jurisdiction of a qadi or Islamic judge), and the town of Travnik was part of the Lašva nahija.
In 1519, Travnik was the seat of a Duke, and probably also of the Bosna-Brod kadiluk (Brod is the present-day Zenica). The town was exposed to attacks from Jajce and developed only slowly.
After Eugene of Savoy invaded Bosnia and torched Sarajevo in 1697, the seat of the Bosnian governor was moved to Travnik, which became a vizier town, remaining so until 19 June 1850, with brief interruptions between 1832 and 1838 (Šabanović, 1982, p.88, 91, 96).
Little is known about the territorial development of Travnik, but its original nucleus was presumably located below the fort, to the west, in Varoš, where there are two mosques: the Varoš mosque and the Jeni mosque built in 1549 (Kreševljaković, Korkut 1961, p.13).
Two turbes were erected and three Bosnian viziers were buried in the centre of Travnik’s Upper čaršija, where there was a graveyard before the present-day Orient Hotel was built.
The first turbe belongs to Abdullah-Pasha Muhsinović and Hafiz Ali Jalaluddin-Pasha and was built after Abdullah-Pasha’s death in 1748, and the second to Perishan Mustafa-Pasha and was built in 1799.
Abdullah-Pasha Muhsinović served four terms as Bosnian governor. His first term ran from 1720 to August 1727, his second from 11 October 1733 to November 1735, his third from 1740-1741 and his fourth from 5 May 1748 to 25 April 1749, when he died. He was also Grand Vizier for a time, as recorded in the epitaph on his turbe (Mujezinović, p.356-361).
Hafiz Ali Jalaluddin-Pasha was appointed Bosnian governor on 8 December 1819. He came to Travnik on 29 March 1820 and remained in that position until 28 November 1822. Soon after that he died in a violent accident. He was known as a very strict ruler, and one of Bosnia’s most energetic governors(1).(Mujezinović, p. 356-361).
Perishan Mustafa-Pasha was appointed Bosnian vali on 28 December 1796. He came to Travnik on 28 May 1797 and remained in that position until his death on 14 February 1799. The chronicler Bašeskija recorded Perishan Mustafa-Pasha’s death in that year (Mujezinović, p. 356-361). He built a fountain between the two turbes in 1797. The fountain was the only endowment left by this vali in Travnik. The water supply for this and other Travnik fountains was built by Mehmed-Pasha Kukavica (2). (Kreševljakovic, Korkut 1961, p.95)
During the Austro-Hungarian period the fountain was moved several metres to the west because of works on the Lipa coffee shop. On that occasion, the original plaque with inscription and the old stone trough were replaced on the fountain using modern materials (bricks, concrete, etc) In 1955, the fountain was demolished when the site was being altered and the Lipa coffee shop reconstructed, with the intention of rebuilding it elsewhere in Travnik. According to the inhabitants of Travnik, all the stone components were then housee in the Regional Museum of Travnik(3).
In 1976, the fountain was reconstructed, funded by private donations from local people in Travnik. The fountain was erected closer to its original position, but its original plaque with inscription was not replaced; instead, the plaque from the tophana (arsenal) that used to be where Travnik High School now stands was mounted on it. The plaque dates from 1271 AH. (1854/55 A.D.) (Sujoldžić, p.7). The original plaque is in the Jeni Mosque (Mujezinović, p. 356-361).
2. Description of the property
Turbes are memorial structures erected as tombs/mausolea. They can be either open or closed, with sub-groups within these two groups. Well-known closed turbes include the Gazi Husrev-Bey and Murat-Bey turbes in Sarajevo, the Ferhad-Pasha turbe in Banja Luka (demolished) and the Sinan-Bey turbe in Čajniče (demolished). Open-type turbes include two turbes in Alifakovac and one next to the Sinan Tekke in Sarajevo, and several turbes in Travnik.
“Turbes are mausolea made of brick or, more rarely, of wood, of octagonal ground plan, closed from the outside, or open in form of a baldachin on four columns. Closed turbes (turbes built next to Aya Sofia in Istanbul for the family of Ottoman rulers) are usually built near mosques, while turbes with columns are always in burial grounds. Two bodies, or very rarely more than two, were buried under a single turbe” (Knoll, Petar 1929 ) (4).
Travnik has more turbes than any other town in Bosnia and Herzegovina(5).They are examples of memorial architecture of the highest value in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Abdullah-Pasha Muhsinović’s and Hafiz Ali Jalaluddin-Pasha’s turbe
This turbe was erected to the east of the entrance door to the present-day Orient Hotel. It lies north-east/south-west. The ground plan of the turbe is almost square, with sides of 5.25 x 5.20 metres. The structure consists of eight stone columns with a diameter of 30 cm in the lower zone and 26 cm in the upper (three columns on each side), resting on richly moulded bases approx. 50 cm wide and 46 cm high. The bases stand on a stone retaining wall with a height of 15 cm. The columns terminate in decorated capitals, but the shafts of the columns themselves, apart from being painted red, are not particularly decorated. The overall height of the columns with capitals is approx. 2.28 m. The columns of the turbe are joined by round arches with a radius of 0.80 to 0.96 m, which support the upper masonry section of the turbe and the open dome, the diameter of which is approx. 4.09 m, with flat iron section ribs interwoven with wire. The space between the columns is filled by a wrought iron railing (measurements from the drawings in Ayverdi, Ekrem Hakki, Ayrupa da Osmanli mimari esselstanbul, 1981).
The painted decoration of both turbes was executed on fine lime plaster, with the basic design incised with a sharp object into the plaster, probably before it was completely dry (as with the paintings in the Šarena mosque in Travnik). For some reason, the pigment did not bond with the base coat of plaster, so that the decorations have suffered considerable damage from the elements with the passage of time.
In the case of this turbe, the entire surface was painted. The inside of the arches is filled with tendrils, florets and leaflets. At the base of the arch is a half fleur de lis. The arch is topped by a painted lily flower, while the inside of the arch is filled with a tripartite bulbous shape composed of curved leaves. The remainder of the painted composition of the turbe is a standardized composition with motifs of plant origin. The turbe was painted by an unidentified craftsman who had not been trained as an artist.
This turbe contains three nišan tombstones:
Abdullah-Pasha Muhsinović’s nišan tombstones
The sarcophagus and nišan tombstones on Abdullah-Pasha Muhsinovic’s grave are on the east side of the turbe. They are elaborately decorated, and in style, workmanship of the stone and decorations(6) are probably the work of Istanbul stonemasons. As regards the repertoire of the elaborate decorative treatment of the surface, these tombstones show a degree of baroque influence in the forms, with a combination of classical motifs of the rumi style. They are made of white limestone. The headstone, with a vizier’s turban, is incised on one side with an epitaph in prose in bold naskh script. In the translation by M. Mujezinović, the epitaph reads:
“He (Allah) is eternal! Late and deceased Bosnian vali, once the Grand Vizier Abdul-Pasha Muhsinović (Muhsin-zade) has passed away to eternity. For his soul (recite) al-Fatiha. Year 1162” (1748/49)
Hafiz Ali Jalaluddin-Pasha’s nišan tombstones
These stand in the central part of the turbe. Jalaluddin-Pasha’s grave has two nišan tombstones of Istanbul provenance, richly decorated with floral and geometric ornaments. They stand on an elaborately decorated sarcophagus. The headstone has a vizier’s cap. The epitaph on the headstone is incised in 11 lines of text with lines drawn separating them, in bold naskh script. In the translation by M. Mujezinović, the epitaph reads:
“He (Allah) is eternal! Sayyid hajji Hafiz Ali Jalaluddin-Pasha, once Bosnian vali, who was the vali of Rumelia, and raised his flag against rebels on Peloponnesus (Mora), has passed away to Eternity. May Allah illuminate his grave. For his soul (recite) al-Fatiha. Year 1238.” (1822/23)
The same turbe contains, to the west, another sarcophagus with nišan tombstones, belonging to a girl named Fatima, about whom nothing is known except from the epitaph on the headstone. This headstone was in the space between the turbes, but was moved into the turbe of the viziers when this part of Travnik was re-laid out. The simple women’s nišan with a girl’s cap is incised with an inscription in Turkish (Mujezinović):
“Recite Fatiha, O my Fatima, you have not even experienced the flower of youth. May the Lord (Allah) shower you with His mercy. The words that all is transient have proved to be true. May the beauties of paradise keep you company. When I learned of her death I expressed this chronogram for her: O my Fatima, may you have a place in paradise. Year 1165.” (1751/52).
Perishan Mustafa-Pasha’s turbe
This turbe stands to the west of the entrance door to the present-day Orient Hotel, and lies north-east/south-west. The ground plan of the turbe is an almost perfect hexagon with sides of 3.65 m. The masonry structure of the turbe is supported by eight stone columns with a diameter of 27 to 30 cm, tapering towards the top. Unlike the columns of Abdullah-Pasha Muhsinović’s and Hafiz Ali Jalaluddin-Pasha’s turbe, the surface of these columns is richly decorated, in the form of grooves terminating in an ogee arch. The flutings are painted alternately red and blue, and in length are approximately one third the height of the columns. The columns of the turbe stand on moulded stone bases approx. 38 cm high and 46 cm wide. The bases stand on a stone retaining wall with a height of 5 to 15 cm. The treatment of the capitals is almost identical to that of the capitals of Abdullah-Pasha Muhsinović’s and Hafiz Ali Jalaluddin-Pasha’s turbe, though the size, form and geometric motifs are different. The overall height of the columns with capitals is approx. 2.39 m. The area between the columns is filled with a wrought iron railing 1 m in height. Above the columns are pendentives supporting the structure of the open dome, with a diameter of approx. 3.70 m, with flat iron section ribs interwoven with wire (measurements from the drawings in Ayverdi, Ekrem Hakki, Ayrupa da Osmanli mimari esselstanbul, 1981).
The painted decoration of the turbe consists on the outside(7) of a single red line further accentuating the line of the arch, with a circular convex medallion or coat of arms in the geometrical centre of the composition and surrounded by a red line, and terminates in a wide line with lily flowers (fleur de lis) painted alternately red and green. The sides of the masonry section of the turbe are painted alternately with vines and carnations:vines to the north-east, south and west, carnations to the east, south-west and north façades of the turbe. The vines are growing out of containers and have two branches, blue and brown, which are intertwined, and bear grapes at the top. On the inside of the turbe, the arch surface is painted solid blue and accentuated with a red edging line. The surface of the pendentives is decorated with vases of flowers.
Vizier Perishan Mustafa-Pasha is buried in this turbe, in a stone sarcophagus with two nišan tombstones. His epitaph is incised on the wider side of the headstone, which has a vizier’s turban; the epitaph is in verse, in jali naskh script. During one of the repairs to the turbe, the missing section of the nišan was replaced with concrete and built into the sarcophagus, so that it was left unreadable. During repair works in 1999, this part was not found in the sarcophagus, and was probably destroyed in some earlier intervention. According to M. Mujezinović, the epitaph read:
“His Excellency vizier and noble vali
Mustafa-Pasha, has passed away to the immense and eternal kingdom.
This first among valis and statesman of alert heart,
Arose and passed to the spiritual throne
The Holy Decree of (Divine) Unity as the promise of the Noble (God)!
As his reward, he was received in the audience of the Almighty.
The Herald of death summoned him: RETURN,
So he returned to view the gardens of the court and refuge. Year 1213.”
(1798/99)
Fountain
The fountain that now stands here was reconstructed in 1976; and has very few similarities with the original fountain that can be seen on a photograph taken in 1905. The lower part of the fountain was originally made of stone. The foundations probably still exist beneath the layers of crushed stone and asphalt laid over it.
The fountain built by the Austro-Hungarians was much taller, and made of a mixture of stone, bricks and cement mortar. To the side were two square pillars topped by capitals supporting a horseshoe arch. The wall was made of brick, and only the trough was made of stone. All ornaments were made in cement mortar. The original stone slab of 42 x 82 cm was mounted on the fountain, with its verse inscription in Turkish and in jali naskh script in four lines:
“The Pride of viziers, the son-in-law of the Sultan, former kaymekam, the vali who lights up the world. When the call came from the Truthful, he left his (great) Position in life,
And chose the eternal palace as the purest one.
He revived his grave by the prayers of those who will pray for him, those who would drink the water and become joyful after thirst. Vehbija, may the beholders of this chronogram take pleasure in drinking. Come and drink your fill of the water from Mustafa-Pasha’s salsabil.”
The original plaque is in the Jeni mosque (Mujezinović, pp. 356-381).
The year the fountain was erected is not given in numerals in the chronogram. The sum of the numerical values of the Arabic letters gives the year 1213 AH (1798/99).
3. Legal status to date
By Ruling of the National Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments and Natural Rarities of the PR of BiH in Sarajevo, No. 1273/50, the turbe of Muhsin-zade Abdullah-Pasha and Hajji Hafiz Jalaluddin-Pasha were placed under state protection. By Ruling of the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of the PR of BiH in Sarajevo, No. 02-797-3 dated 18.04.1962, the turbe was placed under state protection and entered in the Register of Immovable Cultural Monuments.
By Ruling of the National Institute for Protection of Cultural Monuments and Natural Rarities of the PR of BiH in Sarajevo, No. 1274/50, the turbe of Perishan Mustafa-Pasha was placed under state protection. By Ruling of the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of the PR of BiH in Sarajevo, No. 02-798-3 dated 18.04.1962, the turbe was placed under state protection and entered in the Register of Immovable Cultural Monuments.
The 1980 Regional Plan for Bosnia and Herzegovina lists the properties as Category I cultural and historical monuments (serial nos. 37 and 38).
The properties are on the Provisional List of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina under the headings Turbe of Abdullah-Pasha, Turbe of Jalal-Pasha and Turbe of Perishan Mustafa-Pasha, under serial nos. 635, 636 and 637.
4. Research and conservation and restoration works
The turbes have been restored on several occasions:
During World War II, the iron dome was removed from Muhsin-zade Abdullah-Pasha’s and Hajji Hafiz Jalaluddin-Pasha’s turbe (source: monument file held by the Institute for Protection of Monuments of BiH);
In 1952, damage caused by impact by a lorry to Perishan Mustafa-Pasha’s turbe was repaired (source: monument file held by the Institute for Protection of Monuments of BiH);
In the 1980s, probably when restoration works were being carried out on the Šarena mosque, some restoration works on the columns and painted surfaces of the turbes were also carried out. The technical documentation for these works was not available at the time this decision to designate was being drafted.
In 1998, the Institute for Protection of Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage of BiH carried out a survey of the condition of the properties, which was used as the basis for drawing up a project to repair the damage caused by long-term lack of maintenance of the turbes.
The following works were carried out in 1999:
Muhsin-zade Abdullah-Pasha’s and Hajji Hafiz Jalaluddin-Pasha’s turbe
- Parts of the columns that had been previously reconstructed in cement were removed and reconstructed using stone dust and lime;
- The tombstones were dismantled after first marking the fragments and taking photographs;
- The missing side of the sarcophagus of the girl Fatima, measuring 1.30 x 0.70 m, was reconstructed;
- The base of the railings around the tombs was strengthened by a layer of rammed clay;
- The fragments were mechanically cleaned using a soft brush and mild solution of water and detergent;
- The stone bases of the sarcophagi were returned to their positions and minor damage was repaired using stone dust and epoxy resin;
- The vertical slabs of the railings were returned to their positions, and fixed using lime mortar and joined vertically with iron cramps and lead;
- The inside of the sarcophagi was filled with humus;
- Mechanical damage to the corners of the sarcophagi and tombstones was repaired with a mixture of stone dust and epoxy resin;
- The columns and capitals were painted using whitewash with an admixture of natural pigments;
- The upper part of the turbe was whitewashed;
- The painted floral and linear decorations were restored;
- The dilapidated sheet metal flashings on the turbes were replaced;
- The dome grid was repaired and the ribs were straightened;
- The alem (finial) was reconstructed;
- The iron wire domes and iron railing were cleaned and painted using minium paint;
- Electric lighting was installed on the site.
In 2000/2001 heavy snowfalls caused distortion of the reconstructed dome, which was replaced by a new one in 2002.
Perishan Mustafa-Pasha’s turbe
- The missing stone slabs between the columns were made and put in place by insertion into a layer of sand;
- Parts of the columns that had been previously reconstructed in cement were removed and reconstructed using stone dust and lime;
- The tombstones were removed after first marking the fragments and taking photographs;
- The missing side of the sarcophagus was reconstructed;
- The base of the railings around the tombs was strengthened by a layer of rammed clay;
- The fragments were mechanically cleaned using a soft brush and mild solution of water and detergent;
- The stone bases of the sarcophagi were returned to their positions and minor damage was repaired using stone dust and epoxy resin;
- The vertical slabs of the railings were returned to their positions, and fixed using lime mortar and joined vertically with iron cramps and lead;
- The inside of the sarcophagus was filled with humus;
- Mechanical damage to the corners of the sarcophagi and tombstones was repaired with a mixture of stone dust and epoxy resin;
- The columns and capitals were painted using whitewash with an admixture of natural pigments;
- The upper part of the turbe was whitewashed;
- The painted floral and linear decorations were restored;
- The dilapidated sheet metal flashings on the turbes were replaced;
- The dome grid was repaired and the ribs were straightened;
- The alem (finial) was reconstructed;
- The iron wire domes and iron railing were cleaned and painted using minium paint;
- Electric lighting was installed on the site.
5. Current condition of the property
Thanks to the recent conservation and restoration works, the turbes are in good condition. It is only the painted layers that are exposed to some risk due to heavy traffic in the vicinity and the habit of placing advertising posters on the columns and walls of the monument.
III – CONCLUSION
Applying the criteria for the adoption of a decision on proclaiming a property the national monument (Official Gazette of BiH, 33/02 and 15/03), the Commission has enacted the decision cited above.
The Decision is based on the following criteria:
A. Time frame
B. Historical value
C. Artistic and aesthetic value
C.v. value of details
D. Clarity
D. iv. evidence of a particular type, style or regional manner
D. v. evidence of a typical way of life at a specific period
E. Symbolic value
E.iii. traditional value
E.iv. relation with rituals or ceremonies
E.v. significance for the identity of a group of people
F. Townscape/ Landscape value
The following documents form an integral part of this Decision:
- copy of cadastral plan
- title deed
- photodocumentation;
- drawings
Bibliography:
During the procedure to designate the architectural ensemble of the Turbes under the lime tree as a national monument of BiH, the following works were consulted:
1929 Knoll, Petar, Magazine «Književnik», No. 2, 1929.
1931 Petrović, Jozo, S arheologom kroz Travnik (Visiting Travnik in the Company of an Archaeologist), Zagreb, 1931.
1948 Mazalić, Đoko, Travnik i Toričan (prilog bosanskoj arhitekturi srednjeg vijeka) (Travnik and Toričan [a Supplement to the Bosnian Architecture of the Middle Ages]), Jnl. of the National Museum in Sarajevo, new series, volume VIII, Sarajevo, 1948, 145-166.
1952 Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Prilozi povijesti bosanskih gradova pod turskom upravom (Contributions to the History of the Bosnian Towns Under the Turkish Rule), Prilozi za orijentalnu filologiju i istoriju jugoslovenskih naroda pod turskom vladavinom (Supplements to Oriental philology and the history of the Yugoslav peoples under Turkish rule), no. II/1951, Oriental Institute in Sarajevo, Sarajevo, 1952, 119-184.
1953 Kreševljaković, Hamdija, Stari bosanski gradovi (Old Bosnian Forts), Naše starine I (Our Antiques I), Sarajevo, 1953, 7-45.
1957 Kreševljaković, Hamdija and Kapidžić, Hamdija, Podaci o tvrđavama u Derventi i Travniku iz početka XIX stoljeća (Data on the Fortresses in Derventa and Travnik from the early 19th century), Naše starine IV (Our Antiques IV), Sarajevo, 1957, 205-212.
1957 Vego, Marko, Naselja bosanske srednjovjekovne države (Settlements of the Mediaeval Bosnian State), Sarajevo, 1957.
1961 Kreševljaković, Hamdija and Korkut M. Derviš, Travnik u prošlosti 1464-1878 (Travnik in the Past 1464-1878), Regional Museum in Travnik, Travnik, 1961.
1962 Lozić, Stipe, Konzervatorski radovi na starom gradu Travniku (Conservation Works on the Old Fort in Travnik), Naše starine VIII (Our Antiques VIII), Sarajevo, 1962, 175-178.
1974 Bojanovski, Ivo, Dolabelin sistem cesta u rimskoj provinciji Dalmaciji (The Dolabela Road System in the Roman Province of Dalmatia), The Academy of Science and Art of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Djela (Works), book XLVII, Sarajevo, 1974.
1977 Bojanovski, Ivo, Stari grad Travnik-arheološka i kasteološka osnova (The Old Travnik Fort: Archaeological and Fortificational Background); a detailed report from the Republic Institute for the Protection of Cultural and Natural Heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina, excavations 1973, Sarajevo, 1977.
1977 Mujezinović, Mehmed, Islamska epigrafika (Islamic Epigraphics), book II, Veselin Masleša, Sarajevo, 1977.
1978 Kovačević-Kojić, Desanka, Gradska naselja srednjovjekovne bosanske države (Urban Settlements of the Mediaeval Bosnian State), Veselin Masleša, Sarajevo, 1978.
1979 Čelebija, Evlija, Putopis (Travel Chronicle), ed. Hazim Šabanović, Veselin Masleša, Sarajevo, 1979.
1980 Ayverdi, Ekrem Hakki, , Ayrupa da Osmanli mimari esseIstanbul, 1981.
1984 Anđelić, Pavao, Doba srednjovjekovne bosanske države (The Time of the Mediaeval Bosnian State), In: Kulturna istorija Bosne i Hercegovine od najstarijih vremena do pada ovih zemalja pod osmansku vlast (Cultural History of Bosnia and Herzegovina from ancient times to the fall of these lands under Ottoman rule), Veselin Masleša, Sarajevo, 1984, 435-587.
1984a Anđelić, Pavao, Visoko i okolina u srednjem vijeku (Visoko and Its Surroundings During the Middle Ages), in: Visoko i okolina kroz historiju 1 (Visoko and its Surroundings Throughout History 1), the Visoko Municipality, Visoko, 1984, 101-310.
1987 Žeravica, Zdenko, Travnik, Stari grad (Srednjovjekovni grad) (Travnik, the Old Fort – a Mediaeval Fort), Archaeological survey 1986, Ljubljana 1987, 156.
1995 Popović, Marko, Srednjovjekovne tvrđave u Bosni i Hercegovini (Mediaeval Fortresses in Bosnia and Herzegovina), the Collection of the History of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1, the Serbian Academy of Science and Art, Department for the History of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belgrade, 1995, 33-55.
1998 Study for the restoration of the cultural and historical heritage of Travnik, Institute for the Protection of the Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage of BiH and Regional Museum of Travnik, Sarajevo, 1998
1998 Fočo, Mirzah, Proposal for the reconstruction of the fountain under the lime tree, Institute for the Protection of the Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage of BiH and Regional Museum of Travnik, Sarajevo, 1998
Sujoldžić, Enver, Česma kod kafane Lipa, i kafana Lipa (Drinking fountain by the Lipa café and the Lipa café)
- Documentation from the Institute for the Protection of the Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage of BiH
- Documentation from the Regional Museum in Travnik
- Documentation and library of the Bosniac Institute in Sarajevo
(1) Among other things, he ordered the execution of many people, of which there are numerous legends. On the wall of an old house near his turbe,an aršin (Turkish measure) was hung with Jalaluddin’s seal at each end of the iron bar. The story about the aršin spread throughout Bosnia, as a warning that the same measure applies to everybody in the administration of justice. In Travnik everybody could measure a piece of cloth against it, if he had any suspicion of having been cheated by the shopkeeper, which was a rare occurrence during Jalaluddin's time.
(2) The water pipes ran through the cemetery at Prnjavor and ended outside the Kukavica mosque, now the Hajji Ali-bey Mosque.
(3) Enver Sujoldžic writes that he found the capital of the fountain on a garbage dump while walking along the old railway route (Sulojdzic, p.7).
(4) Dr.Petar Knoll (Vukovar, 1872 – Zagreb 1943) graduated from Vienna University, Department for History of Art. He dealt with issues related to the theory of arts, urban planning, the history of domestic arts and the protection of cultural monuments, and published several studies and reviews on these subjects. His studies on the history of architecture are characterized primarily by their in-depth aesthetic evaluation, where the domain of scientific interest is extended to an analysis of spatial values within urban planning.
(5) Besides the demolished Yenisheherlia’s turbe that stood in the forecourt of the former Mehmed-Pasha Kukavica Medresa and the demolished turbes of Rahim and Rahima that stood in the graveyard behind the Hotel, there are four open and two closed turbes left in the town.
(6) According to M.Mujezinovic, the ornaments on Travnik tombstones are very elaborate and varied. It is also due to the fact that tombstones were brought from Sarajevo and Constantinople to Travnik. Epitaphs are another characteristic of tombstones found in Travnik (Mujezinovic, p.326).
(7) There are no data to confirm whether this decoration is authentic. It is not visible on old photographs of the turbe
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