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Necropolis with stećak tombstones of Kalufi, the historic site

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Status of monument -> National monument

             Pursuant to Article V para. 4 Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Article 39 para. 1 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, at a session held from 2 to 8 March 2004 the Commission adopted a

 

D E C I S I O N

 

I

                                                                                     

            The historic site of the necropolis with stećak tombstones of Kalufi in Krekovi is hereby designated as a National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: the National Monument). 

            The National Monument consists of the stećak tombstones and graves beneath them, and stands on land designated as cadastral plot nos. 47, 86/1, 86/2, and 112, cadastral municipality Krekovi, Nevesinje Municipality, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

            The provisions relating to protection and rehabilitation measures set forth by the Law on the             Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, established pursuant to Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of Republika Srpska no. 9/02) shall apply to the National Monument.

 

II

 

            The Government of Republika Srpska shall be responsible for ensuring and providing the legal, scientific, technical, administrative and financial measures necessary to protect, conserve and display ate the National Monument.

            The Government of Republika Srpska shall be responsible for providing the resources needed to draw up and implement the necessary technical documentation for the conservation and presentation of the National Monument.

            The Commission to Preserve National Monuments (hereinafter: the Commission) shall determine the technical requirements and secure the funds for preparing and setting up signboards with the basic data on the monument and the Decision to proclaim the property a National Monument.

 

III

 

            To ensure the on-going protection of the National Monument, the following measures are hereby stipulated:

            Protection Zone I is applicable to the area defined in Clause 1 para. 2 of this Decision.      The following protection measures shall apply in this zone:

-          all works on the monuments comprising the architectural ensemble are prohibited other than conservation and restoration works, including those designed to display the monument, with the approval of the Ministry responsible for regional planning in Republika Srpska (hereinafter: the Ministry) and under the expert supervision of the heritage protection authority of Republika Srpska (hereinafter: the heritage protection authority),

-          the zone is a potential archaeological site, as a result of which no works involving moving the stećak tombstones or exhuming the graves are permitted

-          no works are permitted that could in any way have the effect of altering the site or endangering the necropolis

-          the site shall be open and accessible to the public and may be used for educational and cultural purposes

-          the dumping of waste is prohibited

 

            The Government of Republika Srpska shall be responsible in particular for carrying out an investigation of the causes of damage and the possibility of repairs to the stećak tombstones.

            A protective zone with a width of 100 m from the boundaries within which the National Monument is located is hereby stipulated.  The following protection measures shall apply in this zone:

-         all works of any kind that could have the effect of altering the site or altering the landscape are prohibited,

-         works of any kind to the infrastructure are prohibited unless with the approval of the relevant ministry and the expert opinion of the heritage protection authority

-         the dumping of waste is prohibited.

           

IV

 

            All executive and area development planning acts not in accordance with the provisions of this Decision are hereby revoked.

 

V

 

            Everyone, and in particular the competent authorities of Republika Srpska, and urban and municipal authorities, shall refrain from any action that might damage the National Monument or jeopardize the preservation thereof.

 

VI

 

            The Government of Republika Srpska, the Ministry responsible for regional planning in Republika Srpska and the heritage protection authority of Republika Srpska, and the Municipal Authorities in charge of urban planning and land registry affairs, shall be notified of this Decision in order to carry out the measures stipulated in Articles II to V of this Decision, and the Authorized Municipal Court shall be notified for the purposes of registration in the Land Register.

 

VII

 

            The elucidation and accompanying documentation form an integral part of this Decision, which may be viewed by interested parties on the premises or by accessing the website of the Commission (http://www.aneks8komisija.com.ba) 

 

VIII

 

            Pursuant to Art. V para 4 Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, decisions of the Commission are final.

 

IX

 

            This Decision shall enter into force on the date of its adoption and shall be published in the Official Gazette of BiH.

 

            This Decision has been adopted by the following members of the Commission: Zeynep Ahunbay, Amra Hadžimuhamedović, Dubravko Lovrenović,  Ljiljana Ševo and Tina Wik.

 

Chair of the Commission

Ljiljana Ševo

No: 05.2-2-21/04-6

2 March 2004

Sarajevo

 

E l u c i d a t i o n

 

I – INTRODUCTION

           

            Pursuant to Article 2, paragraph 1 of the Law on the Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, established pursuant to Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a “National Monument” is an item of public property proclaimed by the Commission to Preserve National Monuments to be a National Monument pursuant to Articles V and VI of Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina  and property entered on the Provisional List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of  BiH no. 33/02) until the Commission reaches a final decision on its status, as to which there is no time limit and regardless of whether a petition for the property in question has been submitted or not.

            At a session held on 1 to 2 July 1999 the Commission issued a Decision to add the historic site of the necropolis with stećak tombstones of Kalufi in the village of Krekovi, Nevesinje Municipality to the Provisional List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina, numbered as 447 under the name Krekovi-Mijatovci necropolis of stećak tombstones.

            Pursuant to the provisions of the law, the Commission proceeded to carry out the procedure for reaching a final decision to designate the Property as a National Monument, pursuant to Article V of Annex 8 and Article 35 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments.

 

II – PROCEDURE PRIOR TO DECISION

           

            In the procedure preceding the adoption of a final decision to proclaim the property a national monument, the following documentation was inspected:

-         Documentation on the location and current owner and user of the property (copy of cadastral plan and copy of land registry entry)

-         Data on the current condition and use of the property, including a description and photographs, data of war damage, data on restoration or other works on the property, etc.

-         The current condition of the property

-         Historical, architectural and other documentary material on the property, as set out in the bibliography forming part of this Decision.

 

            The findings based on the review of the above documentation and the condition of the site are as follows:

 

1. Details of the property

Location

            The historic site of the necropolis with stećak tombstones of Kalufi in the village of Krekovi stands on c.p. 47, 86/1, 86/2 and 86/3, c.m. Krekovi, in Krekovi, Nevesinje Municipality, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

            The Nevesinje plain runs north-south/north-west south east for a distance of 23 km, and is about 7.5 km wide. It is a natural valley caused by the vertical subsidence of the terrain between Mount Crvanj (1921 m) to the east and Mount Velež (1969 m) to the west, at an altitude of about 850 m above sea level.  To the north it opens to the upper Neretva valley, and to the south through the Bregava valley to the lower Neretva.

            The village of Krekovi is on the slopes of the southern foothills of Mount Crvanj, where most of the villages in the Nevesinje plain are located.  The ancient main road running diagonally across this part of the plain from the south east to the north west ran through or past these villages, and the present-day road follows the same route.  The village of Krekovi and the Kalufi necropolis above the village are slightly to the east of this route.  Krekovi is reached by a local road from Kifino village.

Historical information

            Because the Neretva gorge was impassable from Konjic to Salakovac (north of Mostar), ever since prehistoric times, and through ancient and mediaeval times, the Nevesinje plain has been a major communications area, across which traffic from the Adriatic shore to the interior passed.  It is now an extensively populated area very suitable for rearing livestock.  About one third of the land in the field is cultivable.

            A large number of prehistoric settlements of the hillfort type with dry-wall fortifications lie alongside the prehistoric road (in Biograd, Bojišti, Nevesinje (Jezdoška hillford), Presjeka, Luka, Slato, Podgrađe and elsewhere) and beside side roads (in Jasena Runjeva glavica, Udrežnje, Trusina, Bratač, Zalom and Lukavac).  Many of them were later succeeded by antique-era settlements, the remains of which have been identified in Udrežnje, Biograd, Zovi Do, Lukavac, Kifino selo (Drenovik), Postoljani, Presjeka, Luka andi Zaborani.  All the roads from the Gatačko plain (via Zalom), Olug and Kalinovik (via Mount Morina), and from Blagaj and Stolac (via Trusina) met by the Drenovik source in Kifino selo. In Drenovik, the largest Roman settlement in Nevesinje polje developed on both sides of the Zalomka.  There is a mediaeval necropolis with 124 stećak tombstones in Drenovik (Bojanovski, 1988, 106-107; Bešlagić, 1971, 384 under Kifino selo).

            In the Chronicles of the Doclean priest there is reference to the župa of Nevesinje (Netusigne, Netusini), which belonged to Podgorje (Vego, 1957, 81; Dinić, 1978, 229), together part of Hum, later Herzegovina.  Hum land acknowledged the supreme authority of the Serbian rulers of the Nemanjić dynasty from the early 13th to almost the mid 14th century.  In the oldest officially maintained records of the Dubrovnik Notariat and Chancellery, dating from 1278, there is reference to trade in slaves from various places in Bosnia and Herzegovina, including Nevesinje (Kovačević Kojić, 1978, 25, n. 40).

            Between 1303 and 1306 the overlord of Nevesinje župa was Konstantin Nemanjić, son of Serbia’s King Milutin.  It was at this time that Duke Poznanj Purčić makes an appearance on the historical scene.  Later, in 1327, he was a witness, along with his brothers, to charters issued by Stjepan II Kotromanić, with the title “duke and župan from Zagorje and Nevesinje”.  He was also a liegeman of King Dušan.  The Purčić’s were landowners who went over to the side of the Bosnians when the latter began to penetrate into the Neretva valley (Dinić, 1967,40).  At that time, there is a record dating from 1391 of one isolated case of a local man from Nevesinje becoming a citizen of Dubrovnik (Kovačević-Kojić, 117).

            From 1347, when it came under Bosnian rule during the reign of Ban Stjepan II Kotromanić, and in particular in the first half of the 15th century, there are frequent references in documents in Dubrovnik to places in Nevesinje plain: Konac Polje, Sileno in Nevesigne, Nevesigne de Tucepe, campo Nevesigne, in Nevesinje in Postolach, de Vrangodol de Nevesigne.  These references appear in association with robbery, service, the sale of slaves, or small, individual carriage of goods (Kovačević-Kojić, 1978, 114, 117-120).

            From the late 14th century to 1404 Nevesinje was ruled by the Sanković’s, who had heritable lands and a manor in the northern part of the Nevesinje plain, in Zaborani village in the small župa of Konac polje, which marched with Kom župa.  The road from the Nevesinje plain northwards to Kom fort and thence via Borak to Konjic led through Konac polje.  The family necropolis of the Sanković’s is in the nearby village of Biskup near Glavatičevo in the Kom župa. (Vego, 1957, 149).

            With the fall of the Sanković family in 1404, Sandalj Hranić extended his own rule over the area.  In 1406 he stayed in Nevesinje (Dinić, 1978, 185, n.24), when he also introduced a customs house to Konac polje (Vego, 1957. 51).  By the first decade of the 15th century the entire župa was called Nevesinje, though the town of Nevesinje is not mentioned in Dubrovnik archive records until 1429, and in 1435 there is also reference to the main fort of the župa, Vjenačac (Vinačac), with a township below the ramparts.  There is earlier and more frequent reference to Podbiograd, the township below the Biograd fort in Nevesinje župa, but as a village. Vinačac was situated above the village of Udrežje (Vego, 1957. 80-81, 125; Kojić-Kovačević, 117-118). The fort of Vjenačac is mentioned among the holdings of Herceg Stjepan in charters dating from 1444, 1448, and 1454 (Dinić, 1978, 204). One of the few communities of members of the Bosnian Church in mediaeval Hum was recorded around Nevesinje, in Konac polje (Ćirković, 1964, 320).

            The Ottomans occupied Nevesinje between 1465 and 1466.  Until 1468, Nevesinje was the border of the lands of Herceg Vlatko, which ended somewhere in Trusina, while Nevesinje plain was under Ottoman rule (Dinić, 1978, 262).  In one document in the Dubrovnik archives, dating from 1469, there is reference to Husein, duke in Nevesinje.

            In the name list of the sandžaks of the Herzegovina vilayet for 1468/9, numerous places are listed in the Nevesinje plain that were also known in mediaeval times, or where there are necropolises of stećak tombstones:  Živanj, Seljani, Kruševljani, Luka, Kljuni, Kovačići, Bijenja, Postoljani, Bojište, Nevesinje, Žiljevo, Čanje, Rast, Biograd, Bratač, Drežanj, Grabovica, Podgrađe, Slato and Udbina. Krekovi is not listed among them, although it is here that the largest necropolis of stećak tombstones in Nevesinje plain and the second largest in area (the largest being in Cetini village in Dalmatia, with 700 tombstones).

 

2. Description of the property

            The Kalufi necropolis is the largest necropolis of stećak tombstones in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a total of 462 tombstones, of which 295 are slab-shaped, 150 chest-shaped, 3 ridge-shaped and 14 are antique stones in secondary use.  It covers an area of approx. 18,000 sq.m.  The stećak tombstones are cut from good quality limestone, most of them of regular shape, though there are a few that are of poorer workmanship or even amorphous.

            The tombstones basically lie west-east, with a slight bias north-west/south-east following the natural lie of the land.  A total of seven lie north-south or north-east/south-west.

            A total of 44 of the tombstones are decorated: 14 slabs, 28 chests, 2 ridge-shaped.

            List of decorated tombstones

1. Chest – a sword on the horizontal face.

2. Tall chest – a sword on the horizontal face.

3. Slab – a sword on the horizontal face.

4. Slab – a band denoting a double grave on the horizontal face.

5. Chest – a crescent moon on the south side and a shield and sword on the north side.

6. Chest – a shield and sword on the horizontal face, and a twisted garland on the east side.

7. Chest on pedestal – a twisted garland on the horizontal face.

8. Chest – a sword and twisted garland on the horizontal face.

9. Tall chest on pedestal – a shield and sword on the south side and a horse on the north side.

10. Chest on pedestal – a shield and sword on the horizontal face.

11. Overturned chest on pedestal – a shield and sword on the horizontal face.

12. Chest – a twisted garland on the horizontal face.

13. Tall chest on pedestal – a twisted garland on the horizontal face and a scene on the north side: a horseman and a female figure holding the reins.  On the west front  face the figure of a man with a spear can be made out.

14. Overturned ridge-shaped on pedestal – a decorative staff motif on the visible side.

15. Slab – two twisted garlands side by side on the horizontal face.

16. Chest – image of a sword on the horizontal face.

17. Chest – image of a sword on the horizontal face.

18. Chest – two motifs on the horizontal face: a shield and sword and a rosette in a twisted garland.

19. Slab – a rosette on the horizontal face.

20. Chest – a border of twining vines with trefoils on the horizontal face.

21. Overturned tall chest with pedestal.  - All the vertical sides have a frieze of twining vines with stylized arcades below.

22. Chest – a twisted garland on the horizontal face.

23. Chest – a shield with two diagonal bands and a sword below on the horizontal face.

24. Slab  – a band on the horizontal face.

25. Chest (slid out of position) – a crescent moon motif on the horizontal face.

26. Slab (slid onto the road) – a band on the horizontal face.

27. Chest – a circle in high relief on the horizontal face.

28. Sunken slab – a crescent moon motif on the horizontal face.

29. Sunken slab – an incised cross on the horizontal face.

30. Long narrow chest – an anthropomorphic cross carved on the horizontal face.

31. Chest – crescent moon and rosette motifs on the horizontal face.

32. Chest – motif of a sword on the horizontal face.

33. Tilted chest – image of a sword on the horizontal face.

34. Slab – image of a sword on the horizontal face.

35. Slab – carved sword on the horizontal face.

36. Slab – three largish half pommels in relief on the horizontal face.

37. Slab – two largish half pommels in relief on the horizontal face.

38. Chest – sword motif on the horizontal face.

39. Slab – a stylized cross with the uprights terminating in an anchor motif on the horizontal face.

40. Slab – a stylized cross with two cross-arms on the horizontal face.  The upper arm of the cross terminates in an anchor motif.  Below the cross are two circles and a crescent moon.

41. Chest – figures of a man, a sword and shield and a crescent moon on the horizontal face.

42. High ridge-shaped – at the top of the vertical sides is a frieze in the form of an ordinary relief band.

43. Somewhat chipped tall chest. - The east, west and north sides have a frieze of twining vines with trefoils.  On the west, front side, below the frieze, is a carved scene of a deer hunt framed by a twisted band.  On the east front side is a large carved shield with a sword below it.  The shield bears a diagonal band and a crescent moon.  On the north side is a tournament scene with four knights on horseback, framed by a twisted band.  On the south side are two scenes set horizontally, separated by a twisted band. In the upper part is a scene of a mixed round dance. The lower scene is a duel between knights on horseback.  A woman stands between them, holding the reins of both horses.  Behind each of the knights is a male figure with a spear.

44. Chest – a sword motif is carved on the horizontal face(1).

            The decorations in the Kalufi necropolis are restricted to a few motifs, such as the status symbols of sword, heraldic shield, sword and staff, or the symbolic motifs of the rosette, crescent moon, relief semi-pommels and cross: ordinary, with double crossbars, with anchors at the ends of the arms, or anthropomorphic. The decorative motifs of twisted garlands and circles are frequently repeated.  The borders on some of the tombstones take the form of twisted bands or twining vines with trefoils.  The arrangement of the motifs is very simple; they usually appear on the horizontal face of a slab or chest, along or sometimes in combinations of two or three motifs.

            An architectural motif appears on one chest, on which all the vertical surfaces are decorated with “saracen” arcades.

            Human figures appear on two tombstones: nos 13 and 41, a male figure with shield and sword.  The most highly decorated chest is no. 43 with several carved scenes: a tournament, a dual, a round dance and a hunting scene.

            There are some antique pieces on the eastern edge of the area of the necropolis: one cippus, seven fluted slabs, blocks with holes for cramps and for lead, and slabs with damaged mouldings.  It is not known exactly where all these pieces were brought from or what buildings they belonged to.  They can be dated to ancient times from their precise workmanship and Roman proportions (Sergejevski, 1948, 56-57, monuments nos. 14 - 27).

            In the selection and treatment of decorative motifs, the Kalufi necropolis fits in with the other necropolises of the Nevesinje plain but also corresponds to those of the wider area of eastern Herzegovina in the 14th and 15th century.  Since there is also the small “Rajkov kamen” necropolis nearby, with a cross, and there are also crosses on some other sites in Nevesinje plain, the necropolis in Krekovi was probably in active use for burials in the early 16th century as well.         

 

3.  Legal status to date

            In the procedure prior to the adoption of a final decision to designate the property, documents on the protection of the property were inspected and it was ascertained that up to 1992 the property had not been placed under protection.

            The Institute for the Protection of the Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage placed the necropolis in Krekovi under prior protection status by Ruling no. 177 of 15 October 1999.

            The historic site of the necropolis with stećak tombstones of Krekovi, Nevesinje Municipality, is on the Provisional List of National Monuments under serial no. 447 by the name of Necropolis of stećak tombstones Krekovi-Mijatovci.

            The Regional Plan of the Republic of  Bosnia and Herzegovina to 2002 listed it as Category III in the general survey of all necropolises in the Nevesinje plain area.

 

4. Research and conservation and restoration works

            In 1957 Š. Bešlagić visited Nevesinje Municipality and began studying the necropolises of the area.  The work was completed between 1964 and 1966 and the results were published in Naše starine XIII in 1972.

            In 1960 the stećak tombstones numbered 43 and 44 were taken to the JNA Military Museum in  Belgrade.

            No restoration or conservation works have been carried out.

 

5.  Current condition of the property

            An on site inspection ascertained the following:

            Many of the monuments have suffered weathering and many are sunken into the ground.  Several examples of tall chest- and ridge-shaped tombstones are overturned.  Some slabs and chests are chipped and cracked, and slabs are broken into two or more pieces.  In the middle of the necropolis, close to tombstone 21, there is evidence of rubbish having been burned.  By comparison with their condition in the 1960s, the stećak tombstones are still more overgrown with lichen, so that the decoration on some of them is barely recognizable.  Lines and someone’s initials have recently been carved around the decorative motifs of swords on tombstones 16 and 17.

 

III – CONCLUSION

           

            Applying the Criteria for the adoption of a decision on proclaiming an item of property a national monument (Official Gazette of BiH nos. 33/02 and 15/03), the Commission has enacted the Decision cited above.

            The Decision was based on the following criteria:

A.  Time frame

C.  Artistic and aesthetic value

C. i. quality of workmanship

C.ii. quality of materials

C.iii. proportions

C. v. value of details

D. Clarity

D. iv. evidence of a particular type, style or regional manner

E. Symbolic value

E.ii. religious value

E.iii. traditional value

F. Townscape/ Landscape value

F.ii. meaning in the townscape

G. Authenticity

G.i. form and design

G.ii. material and content

G.v. location and setting

G.vi. spirit and feeling

H. Rarity and representativity

H.i. unique or rare example of a certain type or style

 

            The following documents form an integral part of this Decision:

-         Photodocumentation;

-         Drawings

 

Bibliography

            During the procedure to designate the monument as a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina the following works were consulted:

 

1948  Sergejevski, Dimitrije, Rimska cesta na Nevesinjskom polju.(Roman road in Nevesinje plain) Journal of the National Museum in Sarajevo, new series, Vol. III, Sarajevo, 1948, 43-61 (Cyrillic)

 

1948a Sergejevski, Dimitrije, Putne bilješke sa Nevesinjskog polja (Road signs from Nevesinje plain), Journal of the National Museum in Sarajevo, new series, Vol. III, Sarajevo, 1948, 167-187 (Cyrillic)

 

1957   Vego, Marko,  Naselja bosanske srednjevjekovne države. (Settlements of the mediaeval Bosnian state), Sarajevo, 1957

 

1962   Bešlagić, Šefik, Stećci i nišani u Vojnom muzeju u Beogradu (Stećak and nišan tombstones in the Military Museum in Belgrade) Newsletter of the JNA Military Museum, Belgrade, 1962, 37-54

 

1964   Ćirković, Sima, Istorija srednjovjekovne bosanske države (History of the mediaeval Bosnian state), Belgrade, 1964

 

1967   Dinić, Mihailo, Humsko-trebinjska vlastela (Hum-Trebinje feudal lords), Serbian Academy of Science and the Arts, special ed. Vol. CCCXCVII, Belgrade, 1967, (Cyrillic)

 

1972   Bešlagić, Šefik, Nevesinjski stećci. (The Nevesinje stećak tombstones), Naše starine XIII, Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, 1972, 97-122

 

1978   Dinić, Mihajlo, Zemlje hercega sv. Save (Lands of Herceg St Sava), in: Srpske zemlje u srednjem vijeku (Serbian lands in mediaeval times), Belgrade, 1978, (Cyrillic)

 

1978   Kovačević-Kojić, Desanka, Gradska naselja srednjovjekovne bosanske države (Urban settlements of the mediaeval Bosnian state), Sarajevo, 1978 (Cyrillic)

 

1985   Aličić, Ahmed, Poimenični popis sandžaka vilajeta Hercegovina (Name list of the sandžaks of the Herzegovina vilayet), Oriental Institute in Sarajevo, Sarajevo, 1985

 

1988   Bojanovski, Ivo, Bosna i Hercegovina u antičko doba. (BiH in ancient times), Academy of Science and the Arts of BiH, Works, Vol. LXVI, Sarajevo, 1988

 


(1) The stećak tombstones numbered 43 and have been in the Military Museum in Belgrade since 1960, Bešlagić, 1962, 43-45.. 



Necropolis with stećak tombstones of Kalufi in KrekoviNekropolis Kalufi in 50-is of the 20th centuryNecropolis with stećak tombstones of Kalufi, photo from 2003North-west edge of necropolis Kalufi
West edge of necropolis KalufiEast edge of necropolis KalufiTombstones arround old pathMedieval graves and staćak tombstone No 20
Antic spolijas as stećak tombstonesStećak tombstone in Military Museum in Beograd from necropolis KalufiStećak tombstone No 9 in 2003 and in 50-is of the 20th century Staćak tombstone No21


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